Genetic and probiotic improvement of immunity in triploid Chinook salmon

全球80%的水产品被作为食物消费，目前全世界每年50%以上的水产品消费来自水产养殖。此外，联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)预测，到2030年，将需要额外的4000万吨(公吨)来养活世界人口。鱼类水产养殖需要在种群开发、疫苗开发、高性能饲料和鱼类健康等领域进行研发，以及在精英亲鱼开发、控制环境危害和有害生物管理战略等领域进行基因组研究。在加拿大西海岸，大西洋三文鱼的养殖仍然占主导地位，但奇努克三文鱼提供了一个本地物种的替代品。然而，逃亡者与野生种群混合可能是该物种的潜在危险。一种缓解策略是使用三倍体鱼类，因为它们是不育的。这一策略提供了额外的优势，即三倍体鱼不会有性成熟，这一过程会降低鱼片的市场质量。奇努克鲑鱼的成熟是一个季节性的过程，导致在鱼成熟之前匆忙优化收获时间。未成熟的三倍体将减少鱼类早熟造成的损失，延长收获时间，从而增加利润。然而，三倍体鲑鱼更容易患病，这阻碍了水产养殖业获得这些好处。这种疾病的易感性程度在不同的鱼科之间有所不同。这一建议审查了三倍体鱼类由于其遗传背景而损害免疫的可能性，导致其免疫基因表达的家族特异性差异，以及三倍体所见的行为差异。它还将研究通过益生菌饮食改善三倍体有害影响的可能性。这项研究的结果将为选择亲鱼和饲料配方提供信息，这些配方将产生具有最小额外抗病能力的三倍体鱼，提供三倍体鱼提供的环境和经济利益。此外，这项研究的结果将提供关于鱼类遗传学和免疫力的信息，这一信息非常独特，将为所有鱼类的水产养殖提供好处。

Eighty percent of global fish production is consumed as food and currently over 50 percent of annual fish consumption worldwide is produced from aquaculture. Further, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) forecasts that an additional 40 million tonnes (Mt) will be needed to feed the world population by 2030. Finfish aquaculture needs R&D in areas such as stock development, vaccine development, high performance diets and fish health, as well as genomic research in the areas of elite broodstock development, controlling environmental hazards and pest management strategies. On the west coast of Canada, farming of Atlantic salmon is still dominant, but Chinook salmon offers a native species alternative. Escapees mixing with wild stocks can be a potential hazard of this species, however. One mitigation strategy is to use triploid fish, as they are sterile. This strategy offers the added advantage that triploid fish do not mature sexually, a process that degrades market quality of the fillets. Chinook salmon maturation is a seasonal process, causing a rush to optimize the time of harvest before the fish mature. Non-maturing triploids will reduce losses due to early maturation of fish and extend the harvest time, providing increased profits. Triploid salmon are more susceptible to disease, however and that prevents the aquaculture industry from obtaining these benefits. The degree of this disease susceptibility differs between families of fish. This proposal examines the possibility that triploid fish have compromised immunity due to their genetic background causing family specific differences in expression of their immune genes combined with behavioural differences seen in triploids. It will also examine the possibility of ameliorating detrimental effects of triploidy through probiotic diets. The results of this research will provide information that allows the selection of broodstock and diet formulations that will produce triploid fish with minimal extra disease resistance, providing the environmental and economic benefits which triploid fish offer. Additionally, the results of this research will provide information on fish genetics and immunity so unique that it will provide benefits to the aquaculture of all finfish.