Genetic and probiotic improvement of immunity in triploid Chinook salmon

全球80%的鱼类产量作为食品消费，目前全球每年鱼类消费量的50%以上来自水产养殖。此外，联合国粮食及农业组织（粮农组织）预测，到2030年，将需要额外的4000万吨（Mt）来养活世界人口。 有鳍鱼类水产养殖需要在种群开发、疫苗开发、高性能饲料和鱼类健康等领域进行研发，并需要在优良亲鱼开发、控制环境危害和害虫管理战略等领域进行基因组研究。在加拿大西海岸，大西洋鲑鱼的养殖仍然占主导地位，但奇努克鲑鱼提供了一个本地物种的替代品。然而，逃逸者与野生种群的混合可能是该物种的潜在危险。一种缓解策略是使用三倍体鱼，因为它们是不育的。这种策略提供了额外的优势，即三倍体鱼不会性成熟，这一过程会降低鱼片的市场质量。奇努克鲑鱼成熟是一个季节性的过程，导致急于优化鱼成熟前的收获时间。未成熟的三倍体将减少因鱼早熟而造成的损失，并延长收获时间，增加利润。然而，三倍体鲑鱼更容易患病，这阻碍了水产养殖业获得这些好处。这种疾病的易感性程度不同的家庭之间的鱼。该提案研究了三倍体鱼由于其遗传背景导致其免疫基因表达的家族特异性差异以及在三倍体中观察到的行为差异而损害免疫力的可能性。它还将研究通过益生菌饮食改善三倍体有害影响的可能性。这项研究的结果将提供信息，使亲鱼和饮食配方的选择，将产生三倍体鱼与最小的额外抗病性，提供环境和经济效益，三倍体鱼提供。此外，这项研究的结果将提供有关鱼类遗传学和免疫力的信息，这些信息是如此独特，以至于它将为所有鱼类的水产养殖提供益处。

Eighty percent of global fish production is consumed as food and currently over 50 percent of annual fish consumption worldwide is produced from aquaculture. Further, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) forecasts that an additional 40 million tonnes (Mt) will be needed to feed the world population by 2030. Finfish aquaculture needs R&D in areas such as stock development, vaccine development, high performance diets and fish health, as well as genomic research in the areas of elite broodstock development, controlling environmental hazards and pest management strategies. On the west coast of Canada, farming of Atlantic salmon is still dominant, but Chinook salmon offers a native species alternative. Escapees mixing with wild stocks can be a potential hazard of this species, however. One mitigation strategy is to use triploid fish, as they are sterile. This strategy offers the added advantage that triploid fish do not mature sexually, a process that degrades market quality of the fillets. Chinook salmon maturation is a seasonal process, causing a rush to optimize the time of harvest before the fish mature. Non-maturing triploids will reduce losses due to early maturation of fish and extend the harvest time, providing increased profits. Triploid salmon are more susceptible to disease, however and that prevents the aquaculture industry from obtaining these benefits. The degree of this disease susceptibility differs between families of fish. This proposal examines the possibility that triploid fish have compromised immunity due to their genetic background causing family specific differences in expression of their immune genes combined with behavioural differences seen in triploids. It will also examine the possibility of ameliorating detrimental effects of triploidy through probiotic diets. The results of this research will provide information that allows the selection of broodstock and diet formulations that will produce triploid fish with minimal extra disease resistance, providing the environmental and economic benefits which triploid fish offer. Additionally, the results of this research will provide information on fish genetics and immunity so unique that it will provide benefits to the aquaculture of all finfish.