Pressurized and Supercritical Fluids for Novel Integrated Processing of Crop Biomass and Food By-Products

开发和整合新的环境友好型技术对于从大量作物生物质中生产生物活性物质和增值产品至关重要。亚临界水（sCW）、加压流体（PF）和超临界流体（SCF）是多功能溶剂，它们提供了绿色加工平台，以开发农业（秸秆）和食品工业（果皮、船体等）副产品的独立和综合加工方法。 迄今为止，申请人的研究领域集中于使用sCW和超临界二氧化碳（SC-CO2）进行溶解度测定和建模（葡萄糖、乳糖、油），用sCW、SC-CO2、PF（水+乙醇）提取化合物（酚类、碳水化合物、青蒿素），以及在SC-CO2和sCW介质中的反应。因此，今后的工作将继续以这一专门知识为基础，进一步利用sCW/PF/SCF为流程设计、开发和整合做出贡献。 该提案的主要目标是：1）确定和模拟生物活性物质和食品组分在sCW和PF中的溶解度行为; 2）确定工艺参数（温度、压力、pH和流速）的影响，以设计、开发和优化分馏工艺; 3）提出并验证sCW和PF中食品化合物和作物生物质解聚的反应机理，确定反应动力学并模拟这些系统;以及4）整合sCW/PF/SCF工艺以获得生物活性物质和高价值化合物。 我的研究计划的长期目标是确定热力学变量和传输特性如何影响sCW，PF和SCF介质中的提取，分馏，反应和干燥，并开发新的集成绿色技术，以获得增值产品，可以在食品和非食品工业应用中有许多用途。 在拟议的研究计划中，将通过实验测量溶解度等热力学性质。平衡研究将允许选择分馏和反应过程的最佳压力和温度。生物活性物质可以在分馏过程中首先去除，残留物可以通过特定反应转化为增值化合物。整合两个新流程的能力将促进创新。 依靠创新加工技术开发增值产品的总体目标将通过实验室规模的基础研究来实现，以验证概念。一旦开发和整合新工艺，将研究涉及不同生物质（谷物，豆类，油籽）的应用。有价值的信息的影响，工艺参数将获得一个批量和半连续系统，未来的目标是实现它的连续系统。sCW/PF/SCF技术的使用最大限度地减少或消除了有机溶剂和催化剂的使用，从而最大限度地减少了对环境的影响，并满足了具有环保和健康意识的消费者日益增长的需求。

Development and integration of new environmentally friendly technologies is crucial to generate bioactives and value-added products from vast crop biomass. Subcritical water (sCW), pressurized fluids (PF) and supercritical fluids (SCF) are versatile solvents that provide a green processing platform to develop independent and integrated processing approaches for agricultural (straw), and food industry (peel, hull, etc) by-products. The applicant's research area to date has focused on the use of sCW and supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) for solubility determination and modeling (glucose, lactose, oil), extraction of compounds (phenolics, carbohydrates, artemisinin) with sCW, SC-CO2, PF (water+ethanol), and reactions in SC-CO2 and sCW media. Future work would therefore continue to build on this expertise by further contributions to process design, development and integration using sCW/PF/SCF. The main objectives of this proposal are to: 1) determine and model solubility behavior of bioactives and food components in sCW and PF; 2) determine the effects of process parameters, temperature, pressure, pH and flow rate, to design, develop and optimize fractionation processes; 3) propose and validate reaction mechanisms for food compounds, and crop biomass depolymerization in sCW and PFs, determine reaction kinetics and model these systems; and 4) integrate sCW/PF/SCF processes to obtain bioactives and high value compounds. The long-term objective of my research program is to determine how thermodynamic variables and transport properties influence extraction, fractionation, reaction, and drying in sCW, PF and SCF media, and to develop new integrated green technologies to obtain value-added products that can have a number of uses in food and non-food industrial applications. In the proposed research program, thermodynamic properties, such as solubility will be measured experimentally. Equilibrium studies will allow the selection of optimum pressure and temperature for fractionation and reaction processes. Bioactives can be first removed during fractionation and the residues can be converted to value-added compounds through specific reactions. The ability to integrate two new processes will foster innovation. The overall goal of developing value-added products relying on innovative processing technologies will be accomplished through fundamental research at laboratory scale for proof of concepts. Once the novel process is developed and integrated, applications involving diverse biomass (cereals, pulses, oilseeds) will be investigated. Valuable information on the effect of process parameters will be obtained for a batch and semi-continuous system with a future goal to implement it on a continuous system. The use of sCW/PF/SCF technology minimizes or eliminates the use of organic solvents and catalysts, thus minimizing environmental impact and meeting the growing demands of environment- and health-conscious consumers.