Factors influencing cognitive and neural representations contributing to memory

识别有助于或阻碍记忆的条件，并指定相关的潜在大脑区域，是认知神经科学领域的主要目标。通过与我的学员合作，我们已经产生并发展了认知范式，这些范式扩展了我们对记忆如何工作及其神经基础的理解。我的建议位于认知、记忆、衰老和神经成像领域的交叉点。长期目标是开发一个模型，详细说明影响记忆数量和质量的因素。在目标1中，我们将评估记忆痕迹的数量和类型，或编码过程中参与的代码，预测随后的情景记忆水平。在编码过程中，轨迹的数量将通过不同的任务指令来操纵，这些任务指令在运动、语义、生成和图像处理的参与方面不同。在目标2中，我们将评估在编码时形成的表征的性质对被遗忘的易感性的影响程度。关于参与表征代码的推断将由多任务条件下对记忆干扰的敏感性决定。在目标3中，我们将确定某些上下文是否可以通过在编码过程中促进目标表征来支持记忆。我们将通过操纵预先存在的熟悉度，个人相关性和视觉环境中的情感来实现这一目标。对于每一个目标，通过比较年轻人的表现与已知退化的老年人的表现是关键的大脑区域，我们将确定神经完整性的变化是否会调节观察到的对记忆表现的影响。 这一建议建立在这样一种观点的基础上：情景记忆是由最初编码过程中调用的表征（视觉、运动、语义、情感）的相互作用形成的。每个表示都包含一个单独的网络，具有自己的行为特性和神经基质。正是这些因素的相互作用使得人类拥有丰富的情景记忆。我们将建立一个模型，提供更大的预测能力，指定的因素和条件，提高信息的保留。它还将突出记忆可能被破坏的条件，从而深入了解人类认知过程的局限性。通过解释为什么某些因素会影响记忆，我们将确定一种补偿干扰效应的方法。这些知识强调了记忆可以改善的方式，尽管与正常衰老有关的缺陷，以及在当今快节奏的世界中越来越多的多任务环境。

Identifying conditions that help or hinder memory, and specifying the underlying brain regions implicated, are primary goals in the field of cognitive neuroscience. In collaboration with my trainees, we have generated and developed cognitive paradigms that extend our understanding of how memory works, and of its neural basis. My proposal lies at the intersection of the fields of cognition, memory, aging, and neuroimaging. The long-term goal is to develop a model specifying factors that influence both the quantity and quality of what can be remembered. In Aim 1 we will evaluate whether the number and type of memory traces, or codes engaged during encoding, predict the level of subsequent episodic memory. The number of traces will be manipulated by varying task instructions during encoding, that differ in terms of their engagement of motoric, semantic, generative, and pictorial processing. In Aim 2 we will evaluate the degree to which susceptibility to being forgotten is influenced by the nature of representation formed at encoding. Inferences regarding representational codes engaged will be determined by susceptibility to memory interference from multi-tasking conditions. In Aim 3 we will determine whether certain contexts can support memory by facilitating target representations during encoding. We will accomplish this by manipulating pre-existing familiarity, personal relevance, and emotionality of the visual context in which a target is encoded. For each aim, by comparing performance in younger adults to that in senior citizens with known deterioration is key brain regions, we will determine whether changes in neural integrity modulate observed effects on memory performance. This proposal builds on the idea that episodic memories are formed by the interaction of representations invoked during initial encoding (visual, motoric, semantic, emotional). Each representation encompasses a separate network, with its own behavioural properties, and neural substrates. It is the interaction of these that allows for rich episodic memories in humans. We will build a model offering greater predictive power, specifying factors and conditions that enhance retention of information. It will also highlight conditions in which memory can be disrupted, providing insight into the limitations of human cognitive processing. By explaining why certain factors influence memory, we will identify a means of compensating for interference effects. Such knowledge highlights ways in which memory can be ameliorated despite deficits associated with normal aging, and with multi-tasking environments which are ever more present in today's fast-paced world.