Factors influencing cognitive and neural representations contributing to memory

识别有助于或阻碍记忆的条件，并确定潜在的大脑区域，是认知神经科学领域的主要目标。在与我的受训人员的合作中，我们已经产生和开发了认知范式，这些范式扩展了我们对记忆如何工作及其神经基础的理解。我的建议涉及认知、记忆、衰老和神经成像等领域。长期目标是开发一种模型，指定影响可记忆内容的数量和质量的因素。在目标1中，我们将评估记忆痕迹或编码的数量和类型是否可以预测后续情节记忆的水平。在编码过程中，轨迹的数量将由不同的任务指令来操纵，这些指令在运动、语义、生成和图片加工方面的参与程度不同。在目标2中，我们将评估编码时形成的表征的性质对遗忘易感性的影响程度。关于所使用的表征代码的推断将取决于对来自多任务条件的记忆干扰的易感性。在目标3中，我们将确定某些上下文是否可以通过在编码过程中促进目标表示来支持记忆。我们将通过处理目标编码所在的视觉环境的预先存在的熟悉度、个人相关性和情绪性来实现这一点。对于每个目标，通过比较年轻人的表现和已知退化的老年人的表现是关键的大脑区域，我们将确定神经完整性的变化是否调节了观察到的对记忆表现的影响。这一建议建立在这样的观点之上，即情景记忆是由初始编码(视觉、运动、语义、情感)中调用的表征相互作用形成的。每一种表征都包含一个独立的网络，具有自己的行为属性和神经基础。正是这些因素的相互作用，使得人类拥有丰富的情节记忆。我们将建立一个预测能力更强的模型，具体说明增强信息保留能力的因素和条件。它还将强调记忆可能被破坏的条件，提供对人类认知处理局限性的洞察。通过解释某些因素影响记忆的原因，我们将找出一种补偿干扰影响的方法。这些知识突出了改善记忆的方法，尽管与正常衰老相关的缺陷，以及在当今快节奏的世界中比以往任何时候都更多的多任务环境。

Identifying conditions that help or hinder memory, and specifying the underlying brain regions implicated, are primary goals in the field of cognitive neuroscience. In collaboration with my trainees, we have generated and developed cognitive paradigms that extend our understanding of how memory works, and of its neural basis. My proposal lies at the intersection of the fields of cognition, memory, aging, and neuroimaging. The long-term goal is to develop a model specifying factors that influence both the quantity and quality of what can be remembered. In Aim 1 we will evaluate whether the number and type of memory traces, or codes engaged during encoding, predict the level of subsequent episodic memory. The number of traces will be manipulated by varying task instructions during encoding, that differ in terms of their engagement of motoric, semantic, generative, and pictorial processing. In Aim 2 we will evaluate the degree to which susceptibility to being forgotten is influenced by the nature of representation formed at encoding. Inferences regarding representational codes engaged will be determined by susceptibility to memory interference from multi-tasking conditions. In Aim 3 we will determine whether certain contexts can support memory by facilitating target representations during encoding. We will accomplish this by manipulating pre-existing familiarity, personal relevance, and emotionality of the visual context in which a target is encoded. For each aim, by comparing performance in younger adults to that in senior citizens with known deterioration is key brain regions, we will determine whether changes in neural integrity modulate observed effects on memory performance. This proposal builds on the idea that episodic memories are formed by the interaction of representations invoked during initial encoding (visual, motoric, semantic, emotional). Each representation encompasses a separate network, with its own behavioural properties, and neural substrates. It is the interaction of these that allows for rich episodic memories in humans. We will build a model offering greater predictive power, specifying factors and conditions that enhance retention of information. It will also highlight conditions in which memory can be disrupted, providing insight into the limitations of human cognitive processing. By explaining why certain factors influence memory, we will identify a means of compensating for interference effects. Such knowledge highlights ways in which memory can be ameliorated despite deficits associated with normal aging, and with multi-tasking environments which are ever more present in today's fast-paced world.