Assessing memory principles in individuals, models, and non-declarative memory

在科学探究的大多数领域，都有一些规律和原则，它们是该领域研究和理论的基础。然而，在人类记忆的研究中，没有规律，也没有被广泛接受的原则（Roediger, 2008）。缺乏一般原则的一个原因是，记忆由多个记忆系统组成，每个记忆系统都根据不同的规则运行（Tulving, 1985; Wang Ferbinteanu, 2019）。相反，我们（Surprenant MPLE）。SIMPLE （Scale Independent Memory, Perception, and Learning; Brown, Neath, Neath & Brown, 2006）是一个记忆模型，它实例化了相对独特性原则，该原则指出，在检索时，如果项目比竞争项目更独特，那么它们就会被很好地记住。这些研究将评估SIMPLE是否可以解释个体在记忆任务中的表现。目标2。评估重新整合原则。在短期/工作记忆的文献中，再整合是个体利用其长期知识来帮助他们回忆的过程（Hulme et al., 1991）。重新整合被用来解释词频效应（高频词比低频词更容易被记住），但声学相似性效应（发音不同的词比发音相近的词更容易被记住）却无法解释。提出的新原则是基于特征模型的预测（Neath, 2000）：次要任务（如并发发音）的破坏性影响只有在不需要重新整合时才会被观察到。目标3。非陈述性记忆的评估原则。尽管大多数记忆研究都使用语言刺激，但关于非语言记忆，尤其是非陈述性记忆（知道“如何”而不是知道“那”）的文献却非常丰富。然而，关于审查拟议的一般原则是否适用的工作很少。Tempel和Frings（2013）设计了一个程序来检查运动运动的检索诱发遗忘，该范式将适用于评估线索过载和相对独特性原则是否适用于运动运动。这项提议的研究是对人类记忆的一个强有力的测试，即是用存在系统范围原则的单一描述来更好地解释，还是用每个系统根据不同规则运作的多系统观点来更好地解释。这些问题很重要，因为它们解决了人类记忆的基本本质。

In most areas of scientific inquiry, there are laws and principles that are the foundation of research and theory within that domain. In the study of human memory, however, there are no laws and few widely-accepted principles (Roediger, 2008). One reason offered for the absence of general principles is that memory is made up of multiple memory systems, each of which operates according to different rules (Tulving, 1985; Wang Ferbinteanu, 2019). In contrast, we (Surprenant MPLE. SIMPLE (Scale Independent Memory, Perception, and Learning; Brown, Neath, Neath & Brown, 2006) is a memory model that instantiates the relative distinctiveness principle, which states that items will be well remembered to the extent that they are more distinct than competing items at the time of retrieval. These studies will assess whether SIMPLE can explain how individuals perform on memory tasks. Objective 2. Assessing the Redintegration Principle. In the short-term/working memory literature, redintegration is the process whereby individuals use their long-term knowledge to help their recall (Hulme et al., 1991). Redintegration is invoked to explain findings like the word frequency effect (better recall of high than low frequency words) but not the acoustic similarity effect (better recall of dissimilar-sounding than similar-sounding words). The proposed new principle is based on a prediction of the Feature Model (Neath, 2000): Disruptive effects of secondary tasks (such as concurrent articulation) will be observed only when redintegration is not required. Objective 3. Assessing Principles in Non-Declarative Memory. Although most memory research uses verbal stimuli, there is a robust literature on non-verbal and especially non-declarative memory (knowing "how" rather than knowing "that"). However, there has been very little work on examining whether the proposed general principles apply. Tempel and Frings (2013) devised a procedure to examine retrieval induced forgetting of motor movements, and this paradigm will be adapted to assess whether the cue overload and relative distinctiveness principles apply to motor movements. The proposed research is a strong test of whether human memory is better explained by a unitary account in which there exist system-wide principles or by a multi-systems view in which each system operates according to different rules. The questions are important because they address the fundamental nature of human memory.