Energy capture, storage, and distribution to achieve high solar-fraction housing

为我们居住的建筑环境供暖、制冷和通风，以及提供我们所需的热水、照明和家电服务，都要消耗大量的能源。这大大加剧了环境和能源安全问题。例如，住房占加拿大所有电力消费的33%和天然气消费的24%，产生了该国13%的温室气体排放。尽管政府和行业在过去40年里做出了重大努力，但加拿大住房的能源使用量继续上升。入射到中等大小房屋外部的太阳辐射(无论朝向如何)大大超过了建筑的年度能源需求。在大多数凉爽寒冷的气候中，空间和热水供暖占住宅能源需求的大部分。例如，加拿大住宅消耗的所有能源中有80%以上用于这两个最终用途，这两个最终用途可以通过供应低等级(&lt；80oC)的热量来满足。因此，这些能源需求中的大部分可以通过开发当地可用的太阳能资源来满足，但这一点因时间供需不匹配而变得非常复杂。通过限制朝南窗户的面积来限制建筑物的被动太阳能获取是很常见的，这是为了防止在特定的春夏两天的几个小时内可能发生的过热。太阳能供应和建筑供热需求之间的强烈季节性不匹配是一个更大的挑战：平均大小的房屋大约80%的太阳辐射发生在11月中旬至3月中旬这一主要的空间采暖期之外。这项研究的目的是研究和批判性地审查两个相关的新概念，旨在最大限度地利用太阳能提供空间和热水。其中一个概念涉及热能的季节性储存，即夏季丰富的太阳能被捕获并储存起来，供冬季使用。第二个概念涉及利用热激活建筑系统和热泵来捕获和存储通过朝南的窗户进入的多余的被动太阳能增益。目标是找到解决方案，使空间和水加热的太阳能部分(太阳能满足的热需求的部分)达到80%左右。*这些概念的广泛采用可能会导致加拿大住房的天然气和电力消耗减少三分之二。这项研究还将提供关于季节性热库内的热传递、地埋式热库与其周围环境之间的热传递以及热激活建筑系统内的瞬时热传递的新的基础知识。

Heating, cooling, and ventilating the built environment we live in, and providing the hot water, lighting, and appliance services we need, consumes tremendous amounts of energy.  This contributes significantly to environmental and energy security issues.  For example, housing accounts for 33% of all electricity and 24% of all natural gas consumed in Canada, and produces 13% of the country's greenhouse gas emissions.  Despite significant efforts made by governments and industry over the past 40 years, energy use by Canadian housing continues to rise. The solar radiation incident upon the exterior of an average-sized house (regardless of orientation) greatly exceeds the building's annual energy requirements.  In most cool and cold climates, space and water heating account for the majority of residential energy demand.  For example, more than 80% of all energy consumed in Canadian housing is for these two end uses, which can be serviced by a supply of low-grade (<80oC) heat.  Therefore, the majority of these energy demands could be met by exploiting the locally available solar resource, but this is greatly complicated by temporal supply-demand mismatches.  It is common to limit passive solar gains to buildings by restricting the area of south-facing windows, this to prevent overheating that can occur during a few hours on particular spring and summer days.  The strong seasonal mismatch between solar supply and building thermal demands is an even greater challenge: approximately 80% of the solar radiation incident upon an average-sized house occurs outside the principle space-heating period of mid-November through mid-March. The objectives of this research are to study and critically examine two related novel concepts aimed at maximizing the use of solar energy for providing space and water heating.  One concept involves the seasonal storage of thermal energy wherein the solar energy that is abundant during the summer is captured and stored for use during the winter.  The second concept involves capturing and storing excess passive solar gains that are admitted through south-facing windows using thermally activated building systems and heat pumps.  The goal is to find solutions that achieve solar fractions for space and water heating (the fraction of the thermal demands met by solar energy) in the order of 80%.  The widespread adoption of such concepts could lead to a two thirds reduction in the consumption of natural gas and electricity of Canadian housing.  This research will also provide new fundamental knowledge on heat transfer within seasonal thermal stores, heat transfer between buried thermal stores and their surrounds, and transient heat transfer within thermally activated building systems.