Mechanisms of falls in mountain biking

在危险的环境中，人类如何避免跌倒和受伤？跌倒是一生中受伤的主要原因，也是36岁以下人群死亡的主要原因。在健康的年轻人中，大多数病例发生在追求运动和户外娱乐的时候。我的研究的长期愿景是提高我们对健康人类损伤机制的理解。我们的工作重点是老年人摔倒和曲棍球头部撞击，并将实验室实验与真实数据(来自视频和传感器)相结合，以揭示这些事件的原因和预防的新见解。在这些努力的基础上，拟议的研究计划检查了越野自行车(或山地自行车，MTB)中摔倒和受伤的机制。我们将MTB作为一个缩影，研究人类的决策和反应(前馈和反馈机制)如何管理在复杂和危险的环境中的平衡、摔倒和受伤，并确定跌倒的机制如何取决于性别、性别和年龄。我们的第一个目标是确定和比较不同人群的地铁乘客跌倒和受伤的原因和情况。我们将进行一项前瞻性观察队列研究，以确定MTB跌倒和受伤的频率和特征如何取决于性别、性别、年龄、经验、骑行技能、对跌倒的恐惧以及防护装备的使用。我们的研究结果将提供关于结核分枝杆菌如何发生跌倒的第一个证据，为预防策略提供参考。我们的第二个目标是通过尝试恢复平衡和避免头部碰撞来确定乘客在MTB摔倒时的反应。我们将利用公开提供的跌倒视频来分类保护反应(包括踩踏、上肢支撑和滚动)以及环境和情景因素。我们将提取时变运动学，并使用模型来分析在跌倒时保护头部的力量和速度要求。我们的第三个目标是研究决定MTB路径选择和速度的因素。通过视频和可穿戴传感器的现场测量，我们将检查性别、性别、年龄、经验、骑行技能和对摔倒的恐惧的作用。在补充的实验室实验中，我们将使用眼球跟踪来检查视觉信息是如何在路径选择和障碍穿越中使用的。我们还将使用可定制的功能(例如，不同宽度和高度的坡道)来确定骑手如何根据对跌倒风险和跌倒受伤风险的估计来选择路线。通过将MTB作为一个强调姿势控制系统的实验模型进行研究，我们将揭示关于跌倒和受伤机制的新见解，这些机制将对生物力学和运动控制研究人员很重要，并与MTB社区以外的通过技能发展、安全习惯、技术和环境设计提供伤害预防信息相关。

How do humans avoid falls and injuries when negotiating risky environments? Falls are the leading cause of injuries across the lifespan, and a leading cause of death among those under age 36. Among healthy young adults, most cases occur while pursuing sports and outdoor recreation. The long-term vision of my research is to improve our understanding of the mechanisms of injuries in healthy humans. Our efforts have focused on falls in seniors, and head impacts in hockey, and have combined laboratory experiments with real-life data (from video and sensors) to reveal new insights on the cause and prevention of these events. Building on these efforts, the proposed research program examines the mechanisms of falls and injuries in off-road bicycling (or mountain biking, MTB). We focus on MTB as a microcosm for examining how human decision-making and reactive responses (feedforward and feedback mechanisms) govern balance, falls and injuries when negotiating complex and hazardous environments, and for determining how the mechanisms of falls depend on sex, gender, and age. Our first objective is to identify and compare the causes and circumstances of falls and injuries in different populations of MTB riders. We will conduct a prospective observational cohort study to determine how the frequency and characteristics of falls and injuries in MTB depends on sex, gender, age, experience, riding skills, fear-of-falling, and use of protective gear. Our results will provide the first evidence on how falls occur in MTB to inform prevention strategies. Our second objective is to identify how riders respond to falls in MTB through attempts to recover balance and avoid head impact. We will leverage publicly available videos of falls to classify protective responses (including stepping, upper limb bracing and rolling) and environmental and situational factors. We will extract time-varying kinematics and use models to analyze the strength and speed requirements for protecting the head during falls. Our third objective is to examine the factors that determine path selection and speed in MTB. Through field measures with video and wearable sensors, we will examine the roles of sex, gender, age, experience, riding skills, and fear-of-falling. In complementary laboratory experiments, we will use eye tracking to examine how visual information is used in path selection and obstacle negotiation. We will also use customizable features (e.g., ramps of different width and height) to determine how riders select paths based on estimates of the risk for falling, and the risk for injury from a fall. By studying MTB as an experimental model that stresses the postural control system, we will reveal new insights on the mechanisms of falls and injuries that will be important to biomechanics and motor control researchers, and relevant beyond the MTB community for informing injury prevention through skills development, safe habits, technology, and environmental design.