Energy capture, storage, and distribution to achieve high solar-fraction housing

为我们居住的建筑环境供暖、制冷和通风，以及提供我们所需的热水、照明和电器服务，都要消耗大量的能源。这对环境和能源安全问题有重大贡献。例如，在加拿大，住房占所有电力消耗的33%，占所有天然气消耗的24%，并产生了该国13%的温室气体排放。尽管在过去的40年里，政府和工业界做出了巨大的努力，加拿大住房的能源消耗仍在继续上升。一个中等大小的房子（无论朝向）外部的太阳辐射大大超过了建筑的年能源需求。在大多数凉爽和寒冷的气候中，空间和水加热占住宅能源需求的大部分。例如，加拿大住房中80%以上的能源消耗用于这两种最终用途，它们可以通过低品位（<80℃）的热量供应来提供服务。因此，这些能源需求中的大部分可以通过开发当地可用的太阳能资源来满足，但这由于时间供需不匹配而变得非常复杂。通过限制朝南窗户的面积来限制被动式太阳能对建筑物的影响是很常见的，这是为了防止在春季和夏季的几个小时内可能发生的过热。太阳能供应和建筑热需求之间强烈的季节性不匹配是更大的挑战：大约80%的太阳辐射发生在平均大小的房屋上，发生在11月中旬到3月中旬的主要空间供暖期之外。本研究的目的是研究和严格审查两个相关的新概念，旨在最大限度地利用太阳能来提供空间和水加热。其中一个概念涉及热能的季节性储存，其中夏季丰富的太阳能被捕获并储存以供冬季使用。第二个概念涉及利用热激活建筑系统和热泵捕获和储存多余的被动太阳能，这些太阳能通过朝南的窗户进入室内。我们的目标是找到解决方案，使空间和水加热的太阳能比例（太阳能满足的热需求的比例）达到80%。这种概念的广泛采用可使加拿大住房的天然气和电力消耗减少三分之二。这项研究也将提供新的基本知识，在季节性热存储，埋热存储和周围之间的热传递，以及热激活建筑系统内的瞬态热传递。

Heating, cooling, and ventilating the built environment we live in, and providing the hot water, lighting, and appliance services we need, consumes tremendous amounts of energy.  This contributes significantly to environmental and energy security issues.  For example, housing accounts for 33% of all electricity and 24% of all natural gas consumed in Canada, and produces 13% of the country's greenhouse gas emissions.  Despite significant efforts made by governments and industry over the past 40 years, energy use by Canadian housing continues to rise. The solar radiation incident upon the exterior of an average-sized house (regardless of orientation) greatly exceeds the building's annual energy requirements.  In most cool and cold climates, space and water heating account for the majority of residential energy demand.  For example, more than 80% of all energy consumed in Canadian housing is for these two end uses, which can be serviced by a supply of low-grade (<80oC) heat.  Therefore, the majority of these energy demands could be met by exploiting the locally available solar resource, but this is greatly complicated by temporal supply-demand mismatches.  It is common to limit passive solar gains to buildings by restricting the area of south-facing windows, this to prevent overheating that can occur during a few hours on particular spring and summer days.  The strong seasonal mismatch between solar supply and building thermal demands is an even greater challenge: approximately 80% of the solar radiation incident upon an average-sized house occurs outside the principle space-heating period of mid-November through mid-March. The objectives of this research are to study and critically examine two related novel concepts aimed at maximizing the use of solar energy for providing space and water heating.  One concept involves the seasonal storage of thermal energy wherein the solar energy that is abundant during the summer is captured and stored for use during the winter.  The second concept involves capturing and storing excess passive solar gains that are admitted through south-facing windows using thermally activated building systems and heat pumps.  The goal is to find solutions that achieve solar fractions for space and water heating (the fraction of the thermal demands met by solar energy) in the order of 80%.  The widespread adoption of such concepts could lead to a two thirds reduction in the consumption of natural gas and electricity of Canadian housing.  This research will also provide new fundamental knowledge on heat transfer within seasonal thermal stores, heat transfer between buried thermal stores and their surrounds, and transient heat transfer within thermally activated building systems.