Neural mechanisms underlying motivation of mental versus physical effort.
Neural mechanisms underlying motivation of mental versus physical effort.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pbio.1001266
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发表时间：
2012-02
期刊：
影响因子：
9.8
通讯作者：
Pessiglione M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Schmidt L;Lebreton M;Cléry-Melin ML;Daunizeau J;Pessiglione M
精神和身体上的努力，如集中注意力和举重，已被证明涉及不同的大脑系统。这些认知和运动系统分别包括皮质网络（前额顶叶和中央前区）以及背侧基底神经节（尾状核和壳核）的亚区。这两个系统似乎都对激励性动机敏感：当我们为更高的回报而工作时，它们的活动会增加。另一个大脑系统，包括腹侧前额叶皮层和腹侧基底神经节，也参与了对预期奖励的编码。这种动机系统如何驱动认知和运动系统仍然知之甚少。更具体地说，目前还不清楚认知和运动系统是否可以由一个共同的动机中心驱动，或者它们是否由不同的专用动机模块驱动。为了解决这个问题，我们使用功能性MRI扫描健康参与者，同时执行一项任务，其中激励动机，认知和运动需求独立变化。我们推断，一个共同的动机节点应该（1）代表努力付出所期望的回报，（2）与所获得的表现相关，（3）根据任务需求在认知和运动区域之间切换有效的连接。腹侧纹状体满足所有三个标准，因此有资格作为一个共同的动机节点能够驱动背侧纹状体的认知和运动区域。因此，我们认为，一个共同的动机系统和不同的任务特定系统之间的相互作用，支撑行为表现可能发生在基底神经节。激励动机是指大脑中的一个过程，通过这个过程，我们将对潜在奖励的期望转化为采取行动所需的努力，例如当预期的薪水使员工工作时。不同类型的努力可以在日常生活中实现，一些是更认知的，如注意力，其他更多的运动参与，如举重。奖励、认知和运动表征依赖于额叶皮层和基底神经节的不同区域。然而，预期的奖励如何激励这些不同类型的努力仍然知之甚少。在这里，我们通过开发一种功能性神经成像方法来解决这个问题，在这种方法中，我们独立地改变了金钱奖励以及任务的认知和运动需求。我们的研究结果表明，对奖励的期望是在腹侧纹状体中编码的，然后根据任务的不同，腹侧纹状体可以驱动背侧纹状体的运动或认知部分，以提高行为表现。我们的结论是，纹状体内的有效连接可以解释如何运动和认知的努力可以由一个单一的动机模块驱动。
Mental and physical efforts, such as paying attention and lifting weights, have been shown to involve different brain systems. These cognitive and motor systems, respectively, include cortical networks (prefronto-parietal and precentral regions) as well as subregions of the dorsal basal ganglia (caudate and putamen). Both systems appeared sensitive to incentive motivation: their activity increases when we work for higher rewards. Another brain system, including the ventral prefrontal cortex and the ventral basal ganglia, has been implicated in encoding expected rewards. How this motivational system drives the cognitive and motor systems remains poorly understood. More specifically, it is unclear whether cognitive and motor systems can be driven by a common motivational center or if they are driven by distinct, dedicated motivational modules. To address this issue, we used functional MRI to scan healthy participants while performing a task in which incentive motivation, cognitive, and motor demands were varied independently. We reasoned that a common motivational node should (1) represent the reward expected from effort exertion, (2) correlate with the performance attained, and (3) switch effective connectivity between cognitive and motor regions depending on task demand. The ventral striatum fulfilled all three criteria and therefore qualified as a common motivational node capable of driving both cognitive and motor regions of the dorsal striatum. Thus, we suggest that the interaction between a common motivational system and the different task-specific systems underpinning behavioral performance might occur within the basal ganglia. Incentive motivation refers to the process in the brain by which we translate the expectation of a potential reward into the effort required to do an action, as for instance when the expected paycheck brings the employee to work. Different types of effort can be implemented in everyday life, some being more cognitive, like paying attention, and others more motor-involved, like lifting weights. Reward, cognitive, and motor representations are known to rely on distinct regions of the frontal cortex and basal ganglia. However, how expected rewards motivate these different types of efforts remains poorly understood. Here, we addressed this question by developing a functional neuroimaging approach where we independently varied a monetary reward as well as the cognitive and motor demand of the task. Our results suggest that the expectation of a reward is encoded in the ventral striatum, which can then drive either the motor or cognitive part of the dorsal striatum, depending on the task, in order to boost behavioral performance. We conclude that intra-striatal effective connectivity may explain how both motor and cognitive efforts can be driven by a single motivational module.
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