Mouse females devoid of exposure to males during fetal development exhibit increased maternal behavior.
Mouse females devoid of exposure to males during fetal development exhibit increased maternal behavior.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.07.009
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发表时间：
2012-03
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Ward, Monika A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Sugawara, Atsushi;Pearson, Brandon L.;Blanchard, D. Caroline;Ward, Monika A.
关键词：
在攻击性表现和父母养育行为上存在着较大的性别差异。重要的是要确定这些是否受产前条件的影响。在这里，我们使用辅助生殖技术，产生了在胎儿发育过程中与雄性接触(混血)或不接触(同性)的雌性，通过寄养自己的雌性独生崽进行杂交饲养，以控制出生后环境的影响，并比较它们的生殖能力和行为。在发情周期长度和每个发情周期阶段所花费的时间上，两种产前条件下的雌性之间没有差异。这两种类型的雌性具有相似的排卵效率，繁殖得同样好，产仔数和子代性别比相当。来自两种产前状况的雌性在社会行为上也没有区别，在三室社交方法和社会接近测试中，对不熟悉的雌性表现出正常的社会反应。当从两种类型的雌性中收集尿液并将其用作气味标记范式中的点源时，暴露在暴露中的雄性与每种类型的雌性的尿液显示出相似的尿味标记的分布和程度，但倾向于更长时间地嗅闻同性雌性的尿液。当雌性在分娩后三天被测试在居民-入侵者范式中时，同性雌性在雄性入侵者引入之前表现出幼崽梳理的增强和非幼崽活动的整体减少，并且在引入之后表现出更高的防御性，表现为更高的埋藏率、张嘴威胁/突袭和对雄性的攻击，并减少了表现这些防御行为的潜伏期。我们的结果表明，在胎儿发育过程中没有男性接触的雌性动物具有与混合性别怀孕的雌性动物相似的生殖能力，并与其他雌性动物有正常的社会互动。然而，它们在雄性入侵者面前表现出超母性的行为，无论是在照顾和防御幼崽方面，都可能产生一种信息素环境，使它们在嗅觉调查中对雄性更具吸引力。
Many sex differences can be found in the expression of aggression and parental nurturing behaviors. It is important to determine if these are modulated by prenatal conditions. Here, using assisted reproduction technologies, we generated females that were (mixed-sex) or were not (same-sex) exposed to males during fetal development, raised them by cross fostering among fosters’ own female only pups to control for effects of postnatal environment, and compared their reproductive abilities and behavior. There were no differences between females from the two prenatal conditions in estrus cycle length and length of time spent at individual estrus cycle stages. Both types of females had similar ovulation efficiency and bred equally well yielding comparable litter size and progeny sex ratio. Females from the two prenatal conditions were also indistinguishable in social behavior and exhibited normal social responses towards unfamiliar females in the three-chamber social approach and social proximity tests. When urine was collected from both types of females and used as a point source in a scent-marking paradigm, exposed males showed a similar distribution and extent of urinary scent marking to urine from each type of female but tended to engage in higher durations of sniffing the urine from same-sex females. When females were tested in a resident-intruder paradigm three days after giving birth, same-sex females exhibited enhancement of pup grooming and an overall decrease of non-pup activity prior to male intruder introduction, and after introduction were more defensive as evidenced by higher rates of burying, open-mouth threat/lunges, and attacks towards the male, and decreased latencies to display these defensive behaviors. Our results suggest that females devoid of male exposure during fetal development have reproductive abilities similar to those of females from mixed-sex pregnancies, and have normal social interactions with other females. However, they exhibit hyper-maternal behavior both in terms of the care and defense of pups in front of a male intruder, and potentially produce a pheromonal milieu that renders them more attractive to males during olfactory investigations.
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