Attention in Skilled Behavior: an Argument for Pluralism
Attention in Skilled Behavior: an Argument for Pluralism
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对熟练行为的关注：多元化的论据
DOI：
10.1007/s13164-021-00529-6
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发表时间：
2021
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Jennings, Carolyn Dicey
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dayer, Alex;Jennings, Carolyn Dicey
人类的巅峰表现无论是奥运会运动员、诺贝尔奖获得者，还是你做出了你做过的最好的菜，都取决于技巧。技能是卓越的核心。然而，熟练行为的固定性有时会使它看起来像是一种较低层次的活动，更像是无脊椎动物或机器的运动。例如，优秀运动员的峰值表现通常被这些运动员描述为“自动的”：“当描述峰值表现的执行时，参与者（8名运动员和1名教练）最常见的反应是自动执行表现”（安德森等人，2014）。虽然熟练行为的自动性得到了广泛的认可，但有些人担心技能中太多的自动性会挑战其展示人类卓越的能力。于是，两个阵营形成了：一个是专注于熟练行为的自动性的“习惯主义者”，另一个是专注于巅峰表现背后的高层次认知的“理智主义者”。我们采取不同的策略。我们认为，熟练的行为编织在一起的自动性和更高层次的认知，我们称之为“多元化”。也就是说，我们认为，自动性和更高层次的认知都是有利于熟练行为的熟练行为的正常特征。这种观点在其他关于技能自动性的引用中有所暗示-虽然专家游戏玩家将自己描述为“玩”自动性（Taylor和Elam 2018），但专家音乐家据说通过表演线索平衡自动性与创造力：“表演线索允许音乐家注意表演的某些方面，同时允许其他方面自动执行”（Chaffin和Logan 2006）。在本文中，我们描述了三种方式，更高层次的认知和自动性编织在一起。前两个，层次多元主义和共时多元主义，在其他论文中描述，尽管在不同的封面。我们认为我们的贡献既在于区分了这三种形式，也在于贡献了第三种形式，即历时多元主义。事实上，我们发现历时多元主义是对习惯主义和理智主义的最有力的反驳，特别是当我们以策略自动性为例来考虑时。在每一种多元主义的情况下，我们使用关于注意力存在或不存在的研究（例如，在走神），以探索在熟练的行为中是否存在更高层次的认知。
Peak human performance—whether of Olympic athletes, Nobel prize winners, or you cooking the best dish you’ve ever made—depends on skill. Skill is at the heart of what it means to excel. Yet, the fixity of skilled behavior can sometimes make it seem a lower-level activity, more akin to the movements of an invertebrate or a machine. Peak performance in elite athletes is often described, for example, as “automatic” by those athletes: “The most frequent response from participants (eight athletes and one coach) when describing the execution of a peak performance was the automatic execution of performance” (Anderson et al. 2014). While the automaticity of skilled behavior is widely acknowledged, some worry that too much automaticity in skill would challenge its ability to exhibit human excellence. And so two camps have developed: those who focus on the automaticity of skilled behavior, the “habitualists,” and those who focus on the higher-level cognition behind peak performance, the “intellectualists.” We take a different tack. We argue that skilled behavior weaves together automaticity and higher-level cognition, which we call “pluralism.” That is, we argue that automaticity and higher-level cognition are both normal features of skilled behavior that benefit skilled behavior. This view is hinted at in other quotes about automaticity in skill—while expert gamers describe themselves as “playing with” automaticity (Taylor and Elam 2018), expert musicians are said to balance automaticity with creativity through performance cues: “Performance cues allow the musician to attend to some aspects of the performance while allowing others to be executed automatically” (Chaffin and Logan 2006). We describe in this paper three ways that higher-level cognition and automaticity are woven together. The first two,level pluralismandsynchronic pluralism, are described in other papers, albeit under different cover. We take our contribution to be both distinguishing the three forms and contributing the third,diachronic pluralism.In fact, we find that diachronic pluralism presents the strongest case against habitualism and intellectualism, especially when considered through the example ofstrategic automaticity. In each case of pluralism, we use research on the presence or absence of attention (e.g., in mind wandering) to explore the presence or absence of higher-level cognition in skilled behavior.
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.0504136102
发表时间：
2005-07-05
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Fox, MD;Snyder, AZ;Raichle, ME
通讯作者：
Raichle, ME
我们在进行善巧的行动时是否进行反思？
影响因子：
1.4
作者：
J. Bermúdez
通讯作者：
J. Bermúdez
“人也是机器人”：自动游戏的专家游戏
影响因子：
0.4
作者：
Nicholas Taylor;J. Elam
通讯作者：
J. Elam
远端和近端注意力集中对封闭和开放连续运动技能表现的影响
DOI：
--
发表时间：
2015
期刊：
影响因子：
--
作者：
Stephen Banks
通讯作者：
Stephen Banks
击球、习惯和记忆：体现的思想和技能的本质
DOI：
--
发表时间：
2007
期刊：
影响因子：
--
作者：
J. Sutton
通讯作者：
J. Sutton