Omega-6:3 Ratio More Than Absolute Lipid Level in Diet Affects Associative Learning in Honey Bees.
Omega-6:3 Ratio More Than Absolute Lipid Level in Diet Affects Associative Learning in Honey Bees.
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DOI：
10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01001
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发表时间：
2018
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
Shafir S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Arien Y;Dag A;Shafir S
花花粉是蜜蜂营养的主要来源，为蜜蜂提供微观和宏观营养，包括蛋白质、脂肪酸、维生素和矿物质。不同的花粉成分不同，包括必需脂肪酸、α-亚麻酸(omega-3)和亚油酸(omega-6)。在现代农业中盛行的单一栽培，可能会使蜜蜂群体暴露在不平衡的omega-6：3饮食中。Omega-3在饮食中对充分学习和认知功能的重要性，重点是适当的omega-6：3比例，在哺乳动物中得到了很好的证明。最近，我们首次在无脊椎动物身上展示了饮食中omega-3对蜜蜂联想学习能力的重要性。在目前的工作中，我们检查了饮食中omega-3的绝对量与omega-6：3比例对蜜蜂联想学习的影响。我们用脂肪浓度分别为1、2、4或8%、omega-6：3比例分别为0.3、1或5的不同人工饲料喂养新羽化蜜蜂1周。然后，我们对蜜蜂进行了鼻子伸展反应嗅觉条件反射试验。我们发现omega-6：3比例和总脂浓度都会影响学习。最不利于学习的饮食是omega-6：3比例高达5的饮食，无论饮食中omega-3的绝对量是多少。当omega-6：3比例为1，总脂浓度为4%时，蜜蜂的生长性能最佳。我们在蜜蜂身上的结果与在哺乳动物身上发现的结果是一致的。只要omega-6：3的比例不高，摄入足够丰富的必需脂肪酸的饮食就能获得最佳的认知表现。
Floral pollen is a major source of honey bee nutrition that provides them with micro- and macro-nutrients, including proteins, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. Different pollens vary in composition, including in the essential fatty acids, alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3) and linoleic acid (omega-6). Monocultures, prevalent in modern agriculture, may expose honey bee colonies to unbalanced omega-6:3 diets. The importance of omega-3 in the diet for adequate learning and cognitive function, with a focus on suitable omega-6:3 ratio, is well documented in mammals. We have recently shown, for the first time in invertebrates, the importance of omega-3 in diets for associative learning ability in honey bees. In the current work, we examine the effect of the absolute amount of omega-3 in diet compared to the omega-6:3 ratio on honey bee associative learning. We fed newly emerged bees for 1 week on different artificial diets, which had lipid concentration of 1, 2, 4, or 8%, with omega-6:3 ratios of 0.3, 1, or 5, respectively. We then tested the bees in a proboscis-extension response olfactory conditioning assay. We found that both omega-6:3 ratio and total lipid concentration affected learning. The most detrimental diet for learning was that with a high omega-6:3 ratio of 5, regardless of the absolute amount of omega-3 in the diet. Bees fed an omega-6:3 ratio of 1, with 4% total lipid concentration achieved the best performance. Our results with honey bees are consistent with those found in mammals. Best cognitive performance is achieved by a diet that is sufficiently rich in essential fatty acids, but as long as the omega-6:3 ratio is not high.
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