Pain-Suppressed Behaviors in the Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis).
Pain-Suppressed Behaviors in the Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis).
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DOI：
10.1016/j.applanim.2013.12.011
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发表时间：
2014-03-01
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
Tseng, Flo
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Mazor-Thomas, Jana E.;Mann, Phyllis E.;Karas, Alicia Z.;Tseng, Flo
由于缺乏有效药物和方案的物种特异性信息，我们在野生和外来患者中提供镇痛的能力受到阻碍。一个影响因素是难以将来自传统的伤害感受实验室测试的数据应用于经常涉及炎性、机械性和神经性疼痛的组合的临床病症。疼痛抑制行为已经成为其他物种临床效用的一个有价值的预测因子;在这项研究中，我们将这一框架扩展到野生动物医院的红尾鹰，试图为猛禽开发一种新的，人性化的测试方法。我们对因骨科创伤或非疼痛性疾病住院的鹰的六种行为进行了评分。这些行为包括：在笼子里的运动、梳理毛发、头部运动、脚移动、鸟嘴咯咯声和唤醒。运动、头部运动和喙的发出都在近期矫形损伤的鹰中显著减少，但在愈合或轻微损伤的鹰中没有显著减少（所有行为P<0.05）。然而，应该注意的是，由于严格的入选标准，以及在野生患者中研究自然发生的损伤的固有困难，本研究仅包括四个实验组的受试者，这限制了我们充分研究数据中混淆的能力。进行后续实验以确定丁丙诺啡（μ阿片激动剂）对上述行为的潜在影响。在没有疼痛的情况下，丁丙诺啡导致大多数行为轻微、不显著的减少，对头部运动频率没有影响。这表明头部运动可能对疼痛敏感，但对丁丙诺啡的镇静副作用不敏感。总的来说，最近有骨科创伤的红尾鹰在几个正常的维持行为中表现出一致和明显的红色变化。在这项研究中首次报告的头部运动是鸟类疼痛的潜在标志，特别是似乎对丁丙诺啡的镇静副作用不敏感，而在疼痛受伤的鹰中，头部运动是情感状态的敏感指标。这些行为可以人道地评分，并以最小的费用，并应考虑进一步研究鸟类的疼痛和镇痛。
Our ability to provide analgesia in wild and exotic patients is hampered by a lack of species-specific information on effective drugs and protocols. One contributing factor is the difficulty of applying data from traditional laboratory tests of nociception to clinical conditions frequently involving combinations of inflammatory, mechanical, and neuropathic pain. Pain-suppressed behaviors have become a valuable predictor of clinical utility in other species; in this study we extend this framework to red -tailed hawks in a wildlife hospital, in an attempt to develop a new, humane testing method for birds of prey. We scored six behaviors in hawks hospitalized either for orthopedic trauma or for non-painful conditions. These behaviors included: movement about the cage, grooming, head motions, foot shifts, beak clacks, and rouse. Movement, head motions, and beak clacks were all significantly reduced in hawks with recent orthopedic injury, but not in hawks with healed or minor injuries (P<0.05 for all behaviors). However, it should be noted that due to stringent admission criteria, and the difficulties inherent in studying naturally-occuring injury in wild patients, this study only included -subjects in four experimental groups, and this limited our ability to fully investigate confounds within our data. A follow-up experiment was conducted to determine potential effects of buprenorphine, a mu opioid agonist, on the behaviors listed above. Buprenorphine in the absence of pain caused minor, non-significant decreases in most behaviors, and had no effect on head movement frequency. This suggests that head movements in particular may be sensitive to pain but not to sedative side-effects of buprenorphine. Overall, red -tailed hawks with recent orthopedic trauma show consistent and marked red uctions in several normal maintenance behaviors. Head movements, reported for the first time in this study as a potential marker of pain in birds, in particular seem to be insensitive to sedative side effects of buprenorphine, while being a sensitive measu re of affective state in hawks with painful injuries. These behaviors can be scored humanely and with minimal expense, and should be considered for further research on pain and analgesia in avian species.
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影响因子：
1
作者：
Sladky, KK;Krugner-Higby, L;Paul-Murphy, J
通讯作者：
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影响因子：
0.3
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3.3
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影响因子：
2.3
作者：
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通讯作者：
Prunier, A