The innate immune and systemic response in honey bees to a bacterial pathogen, Paenibacillus larvae.
The innate immune and systemic response in honey bees to a bacterial pathogen, Paenibacillus larvae.
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DOI：
10.1186/1471-2164-10-387
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发表时间：
2009-08-21
期刊：
影响因子：
4.4
通讯作者：
Foster LJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Chan QW;Melathopoulos AP;Pernal SF;Foster LJ
在我们对蜜蜂免疫力的理解中存在一个主要的矛盾：蜂群中的高人口密度意味着个体之间的高疾病传播率，然而蜜蜂被预测表达的免疫基因只有独居昆虫的三分之二，例如，蚊子或果蝇。这表明蜜蜂的免疫反应被抑制，有利于社会免疫，但一些特定的免疫因子在感染后被上调。为了更广泛地探索对感染的反应，我们采用基于质谱的蛋白质组学对感染了细菌类芽孢杆菌幼虫的蜜蜂幼虫进行定量分析。新羽化的蜜蜂幼虫，在其生命周期的第二阶段，容易受到这种感染，但随着年龄的增长，逐渐变得更有抵抗力。我们使用这种宿主-病原体系统来探测不仅免疫系统在响应高度进化的感染中的作用，而且还可能在响应感染中采用其他机制。利用定量蛋白质组学技术，比较了5日龄健康和感染蜜蜂幼虫的血淋巴（昆虫血液），发现一些代谢酶和伴侣蛋白表达显著上调，而皇家浆（食物）和能量储存蛋白表达下调。我们还观察到增加的水平的免疫因子酚氧化酶原（proPO），溶菌酶和抗菌肽透明质酸。此外，质谱证据表明，健康的幼虫具有显着水平的无催化活性的proPO在血淋巴中，感染后蛋白水解激活。酚氧化酶（PO）的酶活性是检测不到的一个或两个日龄的幼虫，此后显着增加，平行非常密切的年龄相关的能力，幼虫抵抗感染。我们提出了一个模型的主机响应感染的能量储存和代谢酶的调节与直接防御措施，如PO活性的大规模增强。
There is a major paradox in our understanding of honey bee immunity: the high population density in a bee colony implies a high rate of disease transmission among individuals, yet bees are predicted to express only two-thirds as many immunity genes as solitary insects, e.g., mosquito or fruit fly. This suggests that the immune response in bees is subdued in favor of social immunity, yet some specific immune factors are up-regulated in response to infection. To explore the response to infection more broadly, we employ mass spectrometry-based proteomics in a quantitative analysis of honey bee larvae infected with the bacterium Paenibacillus larvae. Newly-eclosed bee larvae, in the second stage of their life cycle, are susceptible to this infection, but become progressively more resistant with age. We used this host-pathogen system to probe not only the role of the immune system in responding to a highly evolved infection, but also what other mechanisms might be employed in response to infection. Using quantitative proteomics, we compared the hemolymph (insect blood) of five-day old healthy and infected honey bee larvae and found a strong up-regulation of some metabolic enzymes and chaperones, while royal jelly (food) and energy storage proteins were down-regulated. We also observed increased levels of the immune factors prophenoloxidase (proPO), lysozyme and the antimicrobial peptide hymenoptaecin. Furthermore, mass spectrometry evidence suggests that healthy larvae have significant levels of catalytically inactive proPO in the hemolymph that is proteolytically activated upon infection. Phenoloxidase (PO) enzyme activity was undetectable in one or two-day-old larvae and increased dramatically thereafter, paralleling very closely the age-related ability of larvae to resist infection. We propose a model for the host response to infection where energy stores and metabolic enzymes are regulated in concert with direct defensive measures, such as the massive enhancement of PO activity.
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影响因子：
64.5
作者：
Foster, LJ;de Hoog, CL;Mann, M
通讯作者：
Mann, M
影响因子：
2.4
作者：
Bíliková, K;Wu, GS;Simúth, J
通讯作者：
Simúth, J
影响因子：
2.4
作者：
Brodsgaard, CJ;Ritter, W;Hansen, H
通讯作者：
Hansen, H
影响因子：
2.2
作者：
Amdam, GV;Hartfelder, K;Omholt, SW
通讯作者：
Omholt, SW
影响因子：
3.4
作者：
DAVIDSON, EW
通讯作者：
DAVIDSON, EW