DIRS and Ngaro Retrotransposons in Fungi.

DIRS and Ngaro Retrotransposons in Fungi.
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DOI:
10.1371/journal.pone.0076319
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发表时间:
2013
期刊:
影响因子:
3.7
通讯作者:
Ginalski K
Ginalski K
中科院分区:
综合性期刊3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Muszewska A;Steczkiewicz K;Ginalski K

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具有酪氨酸重组酶(YR)的反转录转座子最近在真菌中被发现,并且缺乏彻底的注释。YR反转录转座子分为3组:DIRS、Ngaro和VIPER(仅在动质体中已知)。我们使用比较基因组学来研究真菌王国中反转录转座子的进化模式。功能和残余元素的鉴定为最近和过去的转座活动提供了独特的视角。我们的搜索覆盖了广泛的真菌基因组,使我们能够识别2241 YR反转录转座子。基于对逆转录酶(RT)、RNA酶H(RH)、DNA N-6-腺嘌呤甲基转移酶(MT)和YR蛋白结构域的串联序列的CLANS聚类,我们提出了由两类新的Ngaro元件扩展的YR元件的修订分类。477个代表的系统发育分析支持这一观察结果,并进一步表明,DIRS和Ngaro丰度变化独立的担子菌门和Blastocladiomycota/毛霉亚门/Kixellomycotina。有趣的是,在子囊菌门基因组中可以鉴定出一个单一的Ngaro残基元件。我们的分析还揭示了3个柄锈菌亚门分类群,以其整体移动的元件丰度和大的基因组大小而闻名,编码的Ngaro反转录转座子数量增加。考虑到DIRS元件在所有分析的毛霉亚门、Kickxellomycotina和芽枝菌门基因组中的存在,可以假设真菌DIRS逆转录转座子的共同起源,在Dicarya中具有损失。Ngaro分子在后孔动物中的发现,似乎是在黑粉菌亚门分化后侵入了伞菌亚门和柄锈菌亚门的共同祖先。然而,大多数分析的基因组缺乏YR元件,并且大多数鉴定的反转录转座子是不完整的。
Retrotransposons with a tyrosine recombinase (YR) have been discovered recently and lack thorough annotation in fungi. YR retrotransposons are divided into 3 groups: DIRS, Ngaro and VIPER (known only from kinetoplastida). We used comparative genomics to investigate the evolutionary patterns of retrotransposons in the fungal kingdom. The identification of both functional and remnant elements provides a unique view on both recent and past transposition activity. Our searches covering a wide range of fungal genomes allowed us to identify 2241 YR retrotransposons. Based on CLANS clustering of concatenated sequences of the reverse transcriptase (RT), RNase H (RH), DNA N-6-adenine-methyltransferase (MT) and YR protein domains we propose a revised classification of YR elements expanded by two new categories of Ngaro elements. A phylogenetic analysis of 477 representatives supports this observation and additionally demonstrates that DIRS and Ngaro abundance changed independently in Basidiomycota and Blastocladiomycota/Mucoromycotina/Kixellomycotina. Interestingly, a single remnant Ngaro element could be identified in an Ascomycota genome. Our analysis revealed also that 3 Pucciniomycotina taxa, known for their overall mobile element abundance and big genome size, encode an elevated number of Ngaro retrotransposons. Considering the presence of DIRS elements in all analyzed Mucoromycotina , Kickxellomycotina and Blastocladiomycota genomes one might assume a common origin of fungal DIRS retrotransposons with a loss in Dicarya. Ngaro elements described to date from Opisthokonta, seem to have invaded the common ancestor of Agaricomycotina and Pucciniomycotina after Ustilagomycotina divergence. Yet, most of analyzed genomes are devoid of YR elements and most identified retrotransposons are incomplete.
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