Assessing and managing SARS-CoV-2 occupational health risk to workers handling residuals and biosolids.
Assessing and managing SARS-CoV-2 occupational health risk to workers handling residuals and biosolids.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145732
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发表时间：
2021-06-20
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Brown S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Brisolara KF;Maal-Bared R;Sobsey MD;Reimers RS;Rubin A;Bastian RK;Gerba C;Smith JE;Bibby K;Kester G;Brown S
美国环境保护署（USEPA）目前的废水工人指南与疾病控制和预防中心（CDC）和职业安全与健康管理局（OSHA）的建议保持一致，并指出，对于参与废水管理操作的员工，不建议针对SARS-CoV-2（导致COVID-19感染的病毒）的额外具体保护措施，以及水资源回收设施中的生物固体。美国环保局的指南参考了2002年的一份文件，该文件总结了保护处理B类生物固体的工人以尽量减少接触包括病毒在内的病原体所需的做法。虽然没有书面证据表明任何处理水平的残留物或生物固体含有传染性SARS-CoV-2或是当前流行的冠状病毒株的传播来源，但鉴于目前有关SARS-CoV-2持久性和传播的可用数据，本综述总结并检查了所提供的联邦指南是否足以保护工人。目前没有可用的流行病学数据确定废水污泥或生物固体与SARS-CoV-2感染风险之间的直接联系。尽管病毒的RNA在粪便中脱落，但没有证据支持传染性SARS-CoV-2通过废水系统或生物固体的存在或传播。此外，本次审查提出了以前的流行病学数据有关的其他无包膜病毒。总体而言，暴露于SARS-CoV-2或任何病原体的风险随着治疗措施的增加而降低。因此，最高的接触风险与传播和处理未经处理的粪便有关，其次是未经处理的城市污泥，即B类生物固体，而最低的风险与传播或处理A类生物固体有关。这一审查加强了联邦的建议和在应用职业风险缓解措施以保护公众和职业健康时保持警惕的重要性。
Current wastewater worker guidance from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) aligns with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) recommendations and states that no additional specific protections against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19 infections, are recommended for employees involved in wastewater management operations with residuals, sludge, and biosolids at water resource recovery facilities. The USEPA guidance references a document from 2002 that summarizes practices required for protection of workers handling class B biosolids to minimize exposure to pathogens including viruses. While there is no documented evidence that residuals or biosolids of any treatment level contain infectious SARS-CoV-2 or are a source of transmission of this current pandemic strain of coronavirus, this review summarizes and examines whether the provided federal guidance is sufficient to protect workers in view of currently available data on SARS-CoV-2 persistence and transmission. No currently available epidemiological data establishes a direct link between wastewater sludge or biosolids and risk of infection from the SARS-CoV-2. Despite shedding of the RNA of the virus in feces, there is no evidence supporting the presence or transmission of infectious SARS-CoV-2 through the wastewater system or in biosolids. In addition, this review presents previous epidemiologic data related to other non-enveloped viruses. Overall, the risk for exposure to SARS-CoV-2, or any pathogen, decreases with increasing treatment measures. As a result, the highest risk of exposure is related to spreading and handling untreated feces or stool, followed by untreated municipal sludge, the class B biosolids, while lowest risk is associated with spreading or handling Class A biosolids. This review reinforces federal recommendations and the importance of vigilance in applying occupational risk mitigation measures to protect public and occupational health.
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