Spatial proximity amplifies valence in emotional memory and defensive approach-avoidance.
Spatial proximity amplifies valence in emotional memory and defensive approach-avoidance.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.12.018
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发表时间：
2015-04
期刊：
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
LaBar, Kevin S.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Ahs, Fredrik;Dunsmoor, Joseph E.;Zielinski, David;LaBar, Kevin S.
在城市地区，人们经常不得不站着或靠近他人。以自我为中心的距离是动物防御行为的重要决定因素。然而，人们对与他人的空间接近如何改变人类的防御反应知之甚少。我们假设社会线索的效价与自我中心距离有关，即近端社会刺激比远端刺激具有更多的正效价或负效价。这将预测对近端威胁的防御反应增强和对近端奖励的防御反应降低。我们用三维虚拟现实模拟的四个实验来验证这一假设。实验1的结果证实，相对于远端刺激，近端社会刺激促进了防御反应，以恐惧增强惊吓为指标。实验2显示，人际防御边界随厌恶学习而灵活增加。实验3考察空间接近是否能增强对厌恶经历的记忆。根据惊吓指数，对社会威胁侵犯身体的恐惧记忆比在人际距离更大的情况下获得的恐惧记忆更持久。最后，实验4考察了自我中心距离对防御性接近和回避社会威胁的惊吓反应的影响。当参与者主动避免接受电击时，恐惧增强的惊吓感会随着距离的增加而增加，而当参与者忍受电击以获得金钱奖励时，惊吓感会随着距离的增加而减少，这意味着威胁与奖励之间的距离梯度相反。因此，自我中心空间的接近放大了社会刺激的效价，反过来，促进了情绪记忆和方法回避反应。这些发现对理解城市化对情感人际行为的影响具有重要意义。
In urban areas, people often have to stand or move in close proximity to others. The egocentric distance to stimuli is a powerful determinant of defensive behavior in animals. Yet, little is known about how spatial proximity to others alters defensive responses in humans. We hypothesized that the valence of social cues scales with egocentric distance, such that proximal social stimuli have more positive or negative valence than distal stimuli. This would predict enhanced defensive responses to proximal threat and reduced defensive responses to proximal reward. We tested this hypothesis across four experiments using 3-D virtual reality simulations. Results from Experiment 1 confirmed that proximal social stimuli facilitate defensive responses, as indexed by fear-potentiated startle, relative to distal stimuli. Experiment 2 revealed that interpersonal defensive boundaries flexibly increase with aversive learning. Experiment 3 examined whether spatial proximity enhances memory for aversive experiences. Fear memories for social threats encroaching on the body were more persistent than those acquired at greater interpersonal distances, as indexed by startle. Lastly, Experiment 4 examined how egocentric distance influenced startle responses to social threats during defensive approach and avoidance. Whereas fear-potentiated startle increased with proximity when participants actively avoided receiving shocks, startle decreased with proximity when participants tolerated shocks to receive monetary rewards, implicating opposing gradients of distance on threat versus reward. Thus, proximity in egocentric space amplifies the valence of social stimuli that, in turn, facilitates emotional memory and approach-avoidance responses. These findings have implications for understanding the consequences of increased urbanization on affective interpersonal behavior.
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影响因子：
16.2
作者：
LaBar, KS;Gatenby, JC;Phelps, EA
通讯作者：
Phelps, EA
影响因子：
2
作者：
Alvarez, Ruben P.;Johnson, Linda;Grillon, Christian
通讯作者：
Grillon, Christian
影响因子：
3.5
作者：
LITTLE, KB
通讯作者：
LITTLE, KB
影响因子：
3.5
作者：
FANSELOW, MS
通讯作者：
FANSELOW, MS
影响因子：
64.8
作者：
通讯作者：
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