Responses of chimpanzees to cues of conspecific observation.
Responses of chimpanzees to cues of conspecific observation.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.06.015
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发表时间：
2013-09
期刊：
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Bateson, Melissa
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Nettle, Daniel;Cronin, Katherine A.;Bateson, Melissa
最近的证据表明，人类在做出具有潜在社会后果的决策时，对同种观察的人工线索非常敏感。在其他类人猿身上是否也发现了类似的效应，目前还没有研究。我们进行了两个实验，在这些实验中，黑猩猩（Pan troglodytes）从一个阵列中取出食物，其中一个是一张大的同种面孔的图像，另一个是一张混乱的对照图像。在实验1中，我们比较了三个版本的人脸图像不同的大小和数量的脸显示。在实验2中，我们比较了图像的第四种变体，其中更突出的有色眼睛显示更接近焦点黑猩猩。在两个实验中，黑猩猩看人脸图像的次数都没有明显多于对照图像。虽然在每个实验中，一些个体在面部条件下摄取高价值食物的速度较慢，但这些趋势并不一致或稳健。我们认为，人类对潜在同种观察线索的极端敏感性可能与黑猩猩不同。人类对“注视的眼睛”有强烈的反应，但黑猩猩是否也有这种反应还不得而知。我们调查了黑猩猩进食的意愿是否受到面部图像的影响。没有明确的证据表明受试者看脸的次数多于对照图像。面孔对黑猩猩决策的任何影响都是微弱和不一致的。黑猩猩可能不像人类那样对被观察的线索敏感。
Recent evidence has shown that humans are remarkably sensitive to artificial cues of conspecific observation when making decisions with potential social consequences. Whether similar effects are found in other great apes has not yet been investigated. We carried out two experiments in which individual chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, took items of food from an array in the presence of either an image of a large conspecific face or a scrambled control image. In experiment 1 we compared three versions of the face image varying in size and the amount of the face displayed. In experiment 2 we compared a fourth variant of the image with more prominent coloured eyes displayed closer to the focal chimpanzee. The chimpanzees did not look at the face images significantly more than at the control images in either experiment. Although there were trends for some individuals in each experiment to be slower to take high-value food items in the face conditions, these were not consistent or robust. We suggest that the extreme human sensitivity to cues of potential conspecific observation may not be shared with chimpanzees. Humans respond strongly to ‘watching eyes’, but whether chimpanzees do is unknown. We investigated if chimpanzees' readiness to take food was affected by face images. There was no clear evidence that subjects looked at faces more than control images. Any effect of the faces on chimpanzees' decisions was weak and inconsistent. Chimpanzees may not be as sensitive to cues of being watched as humans are.
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