Children's residential exposure to organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers: Investigating exposure pathways in the TESIE study.
Children's residential exposure to organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers: Investigating exposure pathways in the TESIE study.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.envint.2018.04.013
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发表时间：
2018-07
影响因子：
11.8
通讯作者：
Stapleton HM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Phillips AL;Hammel SC;Hoffman K;Lorenzo AM;Chen A;Webster TF;Stapleton HM
随着多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）的逐步淘汰，有机磷酸酯（OPEs）因其阻燃和增塑性能而越来越多地用于消费品和建筑材料。因此，人类广泛接触这些化学品，尿液中常见的代谢物就是证明。然而，人们对主要的暴露途径或影响儿童暴露于OPEs的因素知之甚少。此外，关于接触新型芳基OPEs的数据很少。为了研究儿童内部暴露的预测因素，我们评估了室内灰尘和湿巾中的OPEs与配对尿液样本（n = 181）中相应代谢物水平之间的关系。我们还研究了尿液代谢物和潜在协变量之间的关系，包括儿童的年龄和性别，母亲的教育程度和种族，以及平均室外空气温度。3至6岁的儿童提供了尿液和手擦拭样本。母亲或法律的监护人完成调查问卷，并在家访期间从主要生活区采集房屋灰尘样本。在灰尘和手擦拭物中测量烷基氯化和芳基OPEs，并分析复合尿样中的几种代谢物。三（2-氯乙基）磷酸盐（TCEP）、三（2-氯异丙基）磷酸盐（TCIPP）、三（1，3-二氯-2-丙基）磷酸盐（TDCIPP）、2-乙基己基二苯基磷酸盐（EHDPHP）、磷酸三苯酯（TPHP）和2-异丙基苯基二苯基磷酸盐（2IPPDPP）经常在湿巾和灰尘中检出（> 80%），表明这些化合物在室内环境中几乎无处不在。此外，双（1-氯-2-丙基）1-羟基-2-丙基磷酸盐（BCIPHIPP），双（1，3-二氯-2-丙基）磷酸盐（BDCIPP），磷酸二苯酯（DPHP），磷酸单异丙基苯酯（ip-PPP）和磷酸单叔丁基苯酯（tb-PPP）在> 94%的测试尿样中被检测到，这表明TESIE参与者广泛暴露于OPEs。与多溴联苯醚相反，室内灰尘中的OPE浓度一般与尿液中的OPE代谢物水平无关;然而，手擦拭物中的OPE水平与体内剂量有关。例如，擦手纸上TDCIPP质量最高的儿童的BDCIPP水平是最低水平参与者的2.73倍（95% CI：1.67，4.48，p <0.0001）。在检查的变量中，手擦水平是OPE尿液代谢物浓度最一致和最强的预测因子。室外空气温度也是尿BDCIPP浓度的重要预测因子，温度升高1 ° C对应于尿BDCIPP升高4%（p <0.0001）。OPE暴露非常普遍，本文提供的数据进一步证实了手口接触和皮肤吸收是OPE暴露的重要途径，特别是对于幼儿。
Following the phase-out of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been increasingly used in consumer products and building materials for their flame retardant and plasticizing properties. As a result, human exposure to these chemicals is widespread as evidenced by common detection of their metabolites in urine. However, little is known about the major exposure pathways, or factors that influence children’s exposure to OPEs. Furthermore, little data is available on exposure to the novel aryl OPEs. To examine predictors of children’s internal exposure, we assessed relationships between OPEs in house dust and on hand wipes and levels of their corresponding metabolites in paired urine samples (n = 181). We also examined associations between urinary metabolites and potential covariates, including child’s age and sex, mother’s educational attainment and race, and average outdoor air temperature. Children aged 3 to 6 years provided urine and hand wipe samples. Mothers or legal guardians completed questionnaires, and a house dust sample was taken from the main living area during home visits. Alkyl chlorinated and aryl OPEs were measured in dust and hand wipes, and composite urine samples were analyzed for several metabolites. Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPHP), triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), and 2-isopropylphenyl diphenyl phosphate (2IPPDPP) were detected frequently in hand wipes and dust (> 80%), indicating that these compounds are near-ubiquitous in indoor environments. Additionally, bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) 1-hydroxy-2-propyl phosphate (BCIPHIPP), bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP), diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), mono-isopropyl phenyl phosphate (ip-PPP), and mono-tert-butyl phenyl phosphate (tb-PPP) were detected in >94% of tested urine samples, signifying that TESIE participants were widely exposed to OPEs. Contrary to PBDEs, house dust OPE concentrations were generally not correlated with urinary OPE metabolite levels; however, hand wipe levels of OPEs were associated with internal dose. For example, children with the highest mass of TDCIPP on hand wipes had BDCIPP levels that were 2.73 times those of participants with the lowest levels (95% CI: 1.67, 4.48, p <0.0001). Of the variables examined, hand wipe level was the most consistent and strongest predictor of OPE urinary metabolite concentrations. Outdoor air temperature was also a significant predictor of urinary BDCIPP concentrations, with a 1°C increase in temperature corresponding to a 4% increase in urinary BDCIPP (p<0.0001). OPE exposures are highly prevalent, and data provided herein further substantiate hand-to-mouth contact and dermal absorption as important pathways of OPE exposure, especially for young children.
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影响因子：
11.4
作者：
Hammel SC;Hoffman K;Webster TF;Anderson KA;Stapleton HM
通讯作者：
Stapleton HM
影响因子：
11.4
作者：
Johnson, Paula I.;Stapleton, Heather M.;Slodin, Andreas;Meeker, John D.
通讯作者：
Meeker, John D.
影响因子：
8.8
作者：
Christia, Christina;Poma, Giulia;Covaci, Adrian
通讯作者：
Covaci, Adrian
影响因子：
11.8
作者：
Kademoglou, Katerina;Xu, Fuchao;Collins, Chris D.
通讯作者：
Collins, Chris D.
在家具泡沫，房屋灰尘水平和居民的血清水平中，火焰施用的阻燃应用之间的关联。
影响因子：
11.8
作者：
Hammel SC;Hoffman K;Lorenzo AM;Chen A;Phillips AL;Butt CM;Sosa JA;Webster TF;Stapleton HM
通讯作者：
Stapleton HM