Bystander responses to a violent incident in an immersive virtual environment.
Bystander responses to a violent incident in an immersive virtual environment.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0052766
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发表时间：
2013
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Levine M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Slater M;Rovira A;Southern R;Swapp D;Zhang JJ;Campbell C;Levine M
在什么情况下，旁观者会进行干预，试图阻止一个人对另一个人的暴力攻击？人们普遍认为，旁观者的规模越大，他们中的任何人干预的机会就越小。一个补充模型是，社会身份是一个重要的解释变量。例如，当旁观者与受害者共享共同的社会身份时，在其他条件相同的情况下，干预的概率会增加。然而，由于实际和伦理的原因，通常不可能通过实验来研究这些假设。在这里，我们表明，一个实验，描绘了一个暴力事件在真人大小的沉浸式虚拟现实借给支持社会身份的解释。研究人员招募了40名阿森纳足球俱乐部的男性支持者进行两因素组间实验：受害者要么是阿森纳的支持者，要么不是（组内/组外），并在对抗过程中向参与者寻求帮助。反应变量是参与者在暴力争论中进行口头和身体干预的次数。与外组相比，内组条件下的物理干预次数的平均值显著更大。参与者越是认为受害者在寻求他们的帮助，内组的干预次数就越多，而外组的干预次数就越少。这些结果得到了标准统计方差分析的支持，更详细的调查结果通过基于遗传编程的符号回归程序获得。在他们的经历中进行的言语干预以及对实验后采访数据的分析表明，与更倾向于发表声明以试图化解局势的外群体相比，内群体成员更容易受到对抗性干预。
Under what conditions will a bystander intervene to try to stop a violent attack by one person on another? It is generally believed that the greater the size of the crowd of bystanders, the less the chance that any of them will intervene. A complementary model is that social identity is critical as an explanatory variable. For example, when the bystander shares common social identity with the victim the probability of intervention is enhanced, other things being equal. However, it is generally not possible to study such hypotheses experimentally for practical and ethical reasons. Here we show that an experiment that depicts a violent incident at life-size in immersive virtual reality lends support to the social identity explanation. 40 male supporters of Arsenal Football Club in England were recruited for a two-factor between-groups experiment: the victim was either an Arsenal supporter or not (in-group/out-group), and looked towards the participant for help or not during the confrontation. The response variables were the numbers of verbal and physical interventions by the participant during the violent argument. The number of physical interventions had a significantly greater mean in the in-group condition compared to the out-group. The more that participants perceived that the Victim was looking to them for help the greater the number of interventions in the in-group but not in the out-group. These results are supported by standard statistical analysis of variance, with more detailed findings obtained by a symbolic regression procedure based on genetic programming. Verbal interventions made during their experience, and analysis of post-experiment interview data suggest that in-group members were more prone to confrontational intervention compared to the out-group who were more prone to make statements to try to diffuse the situation.
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影响因子：
2.9
作者：
Cheetham M;Pedroni AF;Antley A;Slater M;Jäncke L
通讯作者：
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