Nanostructured polymer scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
Nanostructured polymer scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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DOI：
10.1002/wnan.26
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发表时间：
2009-03
影响因子：
8.6
通讯作者：
Ma, P. X.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Smith, I. O.;Liu, X. H.;Smith, L. A.;Ma, P. X.
组织工程支架的结构特征影响细胞反应，并且必须被工程化以支持细胞粘附、增殖和分化。支架作为一种临时合成的细胞外基质（ECM），细胞在形成新组织之前相互作用。在这篇综述中，骨组织工程被用作主要的例子，因为我们小组的重点和为了简洁。我们专注于纳米纤维支架和纳入其他组件，包括其他纳米特征到支架结构。由于ECM大部分由直径在50-500 nm之间的胶原纤维组成，因此精心设计的纳米纤维支架模拟这种结构。我们的团队开发了一种新的热诱导相分离（TIPS）方法，其中将可生物降解聚合物的溶液浇铸到多孔支架中，从而产生纳米纤维孔壁结构。这些纳米级纤维具有与ECM中发现的那些胶原纤维相当的直径（50-500 nm）。然后，这个过程可以与我们小组开发的致孔剂浸出技术相结合，以设计一种相互连接的孔结构，促进细胞迁移和组织三维向内生长。为了改进通过混合将陶瓷组分并入聚合物支架的努力，我们的小组还开发了一种技术，其中磷灰石晶体通过将其浸泡在模拟体液（SBF）中而生长到可生物降解的聚合物支架上。通过改变所使用的聚合物、SBF中的离子浓度以及通过改变处理时间，这些晶体的尺寸和分布是变化的。目前正在进行的工作是改善这些晶体在整个三维支架中的分布，并创造更好地模仿ECM中发现的纳米级磷灰石沉积物。与对照支架相比，在纳米纤维和复合支架中，细胞粘附、增殖和分化均得到改善。此外，与骨组织工程中的聚合物对照相比，复合支架显示细胞凋亡的发生率降低。纳米颗粒已被整合到纳米结构支架中，以递送生物活性分子，如生长和分化因子，从而调节细胞行为以实现最佳组织再生。
The structural features of tissue engineering scaffolds affect cell response and must be engineered to support cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. The scaffold acts as an interim synthetic extracellular matrix (ECM) that cells interact prior to forming new tissue. In this review, bone tissue engineering is used as the primary example because of our group’s focus and for the sake of brevity. We focus on nano-fibrous scaffolds and the incorporation of other components including other nanofeatures into the scaffold structure. Since the ECM is comprised in large part of collagen fibers, between 50–500 nm in diameter, well-designed nano-fibrous scaffolds mimic this structure. Our group has developed a novel thermally-induced phase separation (TIPS) process in which a solution of biodegradable polymer is cast into a porous scaffold, resulting in a nano-fibrous pore-wall structure. These nano-scale fibers have a diameter (50–500 nm) comparable to those collagen fibers found in the ECM. This process can then be combined with a porogen leaching technique, also developed by our group, to engineer an interconnected pore structure that promotes cell migration and tissue ingrowth in three dimensions. To improve upon efforts to incorporate a ceramic component into polymer scaffolds by mixing, our group has also developed a technique where apatite crystals are grown onto biodegradable polymer scaffolds by soaking them in simulated body fluid (SBF). By changing the polymer used, the concentration of ions in the SBF and by varying the treatment time, the size and distribution of these crystals is varied. Work is currently being done to improve the distribution of these crystals throughout three-dimensional scaffolds and to create nano-scale apatite deposits that better mimic those found in the ECM. In both nano-fibrous and composite scaffolds, cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation improved when compared to control scaffolds. Additionally, composite scaffolds showed a decrease in incidence of apoptosis when compared to polymer control in bone tissue engineering. Nanoparticles have been integrated into the nano-structured scaffolds to deliver biologically active molecules such as growth and differentiation factors to regulate cell behavior for optimal tissue regeneration.
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