Anogenital distance and penile width measurements in The Infant Development and the Environment Study (TIDES): methods and predictors.
Anogenital distance and penile width measurements in The Infant Development and the Environment Study (TIDES): methods and predictors.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jpurol.2014.11.018
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发表时间：
2015-04
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Swan, Shanna H.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Sathyanarayana, Sheela;Grady, Richard;Redmon, J. B.;Ivicek, Kristy;Barrett, Emily;Janssen, Sarah;Nguyen, Ruby;Swan, Shanna H.
肛门生殖距离(AGD)，即从肛门到生殖器的距离，是一种性别二态测量，长期以来一直被用来确定新生啮齿动物幼崽的性别。大量动物研究已证实AGD是雄激素敏感的终点，雄性后代的距离缩短反映了子宫内雄激素暴露的减少，雌性后代的距离较长反映了子宫内雄激素暴露的增加。由于AGD是一种可以在所有婴儿和成年人中进行评估的连续测量，因此可以将其作为生殖健康的预测标记物纳入流行病学研究。我们描述了标准化测量方法的发展和AGD结果的预测因素。这项研究的一个目标是开发一种标准化的方案来测量新生儿的肛门生殖距离(AGD)，从而产生可靠和可重复性的结果。第二项是确定AGD的人口统计、人口统计学和孕产妇预测因素。我们假设，通过适当的培训和监督，我们的AGD测量方案将提供可靠和可重复性的结果。我们检查了2011-2013年间在四个临床中心登记的758名婴儿发育和环境研究(DEDS)参与者的婴儿。我们制定并实施了包含多种质量控制(QC)措施的详细培训方案。在男性，我们测量了阴囊距离(AGDAS)、肛门距离(AGDAP)和阴茎宽度(PW)，在女性，我们测量了阴囊距离(AGDAF)和肛门阴蒂距离(AGDAC)。一名检查员获得了所有测量的三次重复，第二名检查员获得了10%的婴儿的独立测量结果。我们评估了检验者内部和检验者之间的变异性。在包括758名母亲和儿童的全潮汐队列中，AGD和PW的显著预测因素包括：考试时年龄、出生时胎龄、身长体重Z分数、母亲年龄和研究中心。在371名男性中，平均AGDAS为24.7(4.5)mm，AGDAP为49.6(5.9)mm，PW为10.8(1.3)mm。387名女性平均AGDAF为16.0(3.2)mm，AGDAC为36.7(3.8)mm。所有受试者和受试者组内和组间平均相关系数分别在0.89-0.92和0.69-0.84之间。我们已经发送了培训视频或进行了面对面的培训，并与六个研究小组分享了协议。随着越来越多的研究小组进行这些测量，我们希望这种方法的共享将允许跨研究的测量比较。我们的研究表明，通过适当的培训和质量控制措施，AGD和PW测量可以可靠地进行，并且可以很容易地复制。在流行病学分析中，这些测量应针对适当的协变量进行调整。
Anogenital distance (AGD), the distance from anus to genitals, is a sexually dimorphic measurement that has long been used to determine the sex of newborn rodent pups. Numerous animal studies have identified AGD as an androgen-sensitive endpoint, with a shortened distance in male offspring reflecting decreased androgen exposure in utero, and a longer distance in females reflecting increased androgen exposure in utero. Because AGD is a continuous measurement that can be assessed in all infants and adults, it can be included in epidemiologic studies as a predictive marker of reproductive health. We describe development of standardized measurement methods and predictors of AGD outcomes. One objective of this study was to develop a standardized protocol to measure anogenital distance (AGD) in newborns that would result in reliable and reproducible results. The second was to determine population statistics, demographics, and maternal predictors for AGD. We hypothesized that with proper training and oversight, our AGD measurement protocol would provide reliable and reproducible results. We examined infants born to 758 participants in The Infant Development and the Environment Study (TIDES) enrolled in four clinical centers from 2011-2013. We developed and implemented a detailed training protocol incorporating multiple quality control (QC) measures. In males, we measured anoscrotal distance (AGDAS), anopenile distance (AGDAP), and penile width (PW) and in females, anofourchette distance (AGDAF,) and anoclitoral distance (AGDAC). A single examiner obtained three repetitions of all measurements, and a second examiner obtained independent measurements for 10% of infants. We assessed within-examiner variability and between-examiner variability. In the full TIDES cohort, including 758 mothers and children, significant predictors of AGD and PW included: age at exam, gestational age at birth, weight-for-length Z-score, maternal age and study center. In 371 males, the mean (SD) AGDAS, AGDAP, and PW were 24.7 (4.5), 49.6 (5.9), and 10.8 (1.3) mm, respectively. In 387 females, the mean (SD) AGDAF and AGDAC were 16.0 (3.2) mm and 36.7 (3.8) mm, respectively. The intra-examiner and inter-examiner intraclass coefficients averaged over all subjects and examiners were between 0.89-0.92 and 0.69-0.84 respectively. We have sent training videos or conducted in-person training and shared protocols with six research groups. As more research groups perform these measurements, we hope this sharing of methods will allow for the comparison of measurements across studies. Our study demonstrates that with appropriate training and quality control measures, AGD and PW measurements can be performed reliably and in an easily replicable manner. These measurements should be adjusted for appropriate covariates in epidemiologic analysis.
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DOI：
10.1186/1476-069x-3-8
发表时间：
2004-09-13
期刊：
Environmental health : a global access science source
影响因子：
--
作者：
Salazar-Martinez E;Romano-Riquer P;Yanez-Marquez E;Longnecker MP;Hernandez-Avila M
通讯作者：
Hernandez-Avila M
影响因子：
10.4
作者：
Thankamony A;Ong KK;Dunger DB;Acerini CL;Hughes IA
通讯作者：
Hughes IA
影响因子：
5.1
作者：
CALLEGARI, C;EVERETT, S;BRASEL, JA
通讯作者：
BRASEL, JA
影响因子：
10.4
作者：
Thankamony A;Lek N;Carroll D;Williams M;Dunger DB;Acerini CL;Ong KK;Hughes IA
通讯作者：
Hughes IA
影响因子：
10.4
作者：
Mendiola J;Stahlhut RW;Jørgensen N;Liu F;Swan SH
通讯作者：
Swan SH