The Physiological Control of Mammalian Vocalization

The Physiological Control of Mammalian Vocalization
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哺乳动物发声的生理控制

DOI:
10.1007/978-1-4613-1051-8
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发表时间:
1988
期刊:
影响因子:
11.2
通讯作者:
J. Newman
J. Newman
中科院分区:
医学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
J. Newman

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对大多数生物学家来说,哺乳动物发声的生理控制只是运动生理学的一小部分。它确实是一个非常专业的部分,处理它的科学家人数相对较少。尽管如此,它仍然是一门自主的学科,所包含的不仅仅是身体的运动控制,因此,它要复杂得多。从解剖学上讲,参与控制哺乳动物身体粗度和精细运动的重要大脑结构似乎也参与控制声音。然而,中央控制系统以及喉(主要的效应器官)具有其他运动系统所没有的特征。一个例子是控制肌肉的许多肌肉的完美协同作用。vocaZis,更不用说这种情况发生的继承速度。此外,该肌肉类似于面部肌肉,可独立于关节分段调节。然而,中央控制区最显著的特征似乎是效应器官对大脑边缘系统的多种直接和间接依赖。这使得声音--不像其他运动器官(面部肌肉组织部分例外)--成为表达情感和行为状态的主要器官。除了人类,声音是依赖于新皮层控制的。动物的发声是物种特有的,是由基因决定的。从行为学上讲,它们属于固定行动模式的行为类别。
To the majority of biologists, the physiological control of mammalian vocalizations is only a small part of the large field of motor physiology. It is indeed a very specialized part, and the number of scientists dealing with it is relatively small. Still, it is an autonomous subject embracing more than the motor control of the body and is, therefore, by far more complex. Anatomically, essential cerebral structures involved in the control of gross and fine movements of the mammalian body seem to participate in the control of the voice as well. The central control system, however, as well as the larynx (the primary effector organ), possess features not found in the remaining motor system. An example is the perfect synergism of the many muscles which control the m. vocaZis, not to speak of the speed of successions in which this occurs. Furthermore, this muscle, similar to the facial muscles, is segmentally adjustable independently of the joints. The most remarkable feature of the central control area, however, seems to be the effector organ's manifold direct and indirect dependence on the limbic system of the brain. This makes the voice--like no other motor organ (with the partial exception of the facial musculature)--the chief organ for the expression of emotion and the indicator of behavioral states. Except in man, the voice is in dependent of neocortical control. Animal vocalizations are species typical and genetically programmed. Ethologically, they belong to the behavioral class of fixed action patterns.
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