The Organization and Acquisition of Complex Perception Action Skills

复杂感知行动技能的组织和获取

• 批准号: 8618043
• 负责人: Ralph Roberts
• 金额: $ 12.39万
• 依托单位: University of Denver
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 1987
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1987-09-01 至 1990-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=8618043&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Organization; Acquisition; Complex; Perception; Action

People learn a remarkable variety of perception-action skills during their lifetime, from playing sports and musical instruments to operating vehicles and using computers. Our ability to acquire such skills in relatively short periods of time is remarkable and unique. Other animals perform highly skilled actions, but are unable to learn new skills beyond relatively narrow behavioral limits. Understanding how such skills are acquired and performed is critical for building theories of human learning and action. This knowledge is also important for devising optimal training techniques and for designing machines capable of skilled action. Unfortunately, very little is known about the processes that underlie the acquisition and performance of skilled action. The present research will examine skill learning and performance on especially designed computer-controlled video tasks. In these tasks, expertise takes considerable time to develop and requires the precise coordination of many different actions. These skills are similar to the kinds of perception-action skills used in a wide variety of everyday contexts. The project will consist of three studies. The first study will examine some of the characteristics that define skill at different levels of expertise. In particular, it will assess whether differences between experts, intermediates, and novices reside primarily in the individual component skills required for a task or primarily in how the components are combined. The results from this study will permit the isolation of the features of skill that contribute most to high levels of expertise. The second study will examine the learning mechanisms involved in the acquisition of expertise. Complete novices will practice over eight sessions. A complete record of performance will be collected, as well as interview data of people's understanding of the task. These data will permit the documentation of the phases of learning subjects pass through in acquiring expertise and how different types of knowledge contribute to the learning process. The third study will explore the specific ways in which observing others' performances affects learning. It will examine how the effect of observing others depends on when the observation occurs and on the level of expertness of the observed performance. The findings will be important for understanding how learning processes utilize different types of information as well as for suggesting techniques for increasing the speed of learning. This research promises to provide important information on how people acquire complex skills and insights into designing optimal methods of instruction.

人们学习各种各样的感知-行动技能 在他们的一生中，从运动和音乐 操作车辆和使用计算机的工具。 我们 在相对较短的时间内获得这些技能的能力 时间是非凡而独特的。 其他动物表现很好 熟练的动作，但无法学习新的技能， 相对较窄的行为限制。 了解如何这样 技能的获得和执行是至关重要的建设 人类学习和行动的理论。 这些知识也 重要的是设计最佳的训练技术， 设计能够熟练操作的机器。 不幸的是， 人们对这些过程知之甚少， 熟练动作的获得和表现。 本研究将探讨技能学习和绩效 特别设计的电脑控制的视频任务。 在这些 任务，专业知识需要相当长的时间来发展，并需要 许多不同行动的精确协调。 这些技能 类似于一种 各种各样的日常环境。 该项目将包括三项研究。 第一项研究将 检查定义技能的一些特征， 不同层次的专业知识。 特别是，它将评估 专家、中间人和新手之间的差异 主要在于所需的各个组件的技能， 一项任务或主要是如何组合组件。 的 这项研究的结果将允许分离的特点， 对高水平专业知识贡献最大的技能。 的 第二项研究将探讨参与学习的机制， 获取专业知识。 完全的新手将练习超过 八个疗程。 完整的业绩记录将在 收集，以及人们的理解访谈数据， 任务。 这些数据将允许记录阶段 在获取专业知识的过程中 不同类型的知识有助于学习过程。 第三项研究将探讨观察的具体方式， 别人的表现影响学习。 它将研究如何 观察他人的效果取决于观察发生的时间 以及所观察到的表演的熟练程度。 的 这些发现对于理解学习是如何 过程利用不同类型的信息， 提出了提高学习速度的技术。 这项研究有望提供重要的信息， 人们获得了复杂的技能和见解， 教学方法。