Fish Maneuverability: Factors Affecting Turning and Agility

9507197 鱼类的速度和机动性长期以来一直吸引着人类的想象力。大多数研究关注的是鱼类如何高速游泳和高速加速，但到目前为止，我们对物种之间差异的原因知之甚少。机动性可以提供统一的解释，但实际上没有研究鱼的机动性，其对速度和加速度的影响，或鱼体和鳍形的变化如何提高或限制机动性。 这项研究的目的是填补这一空白。 机动性包括两个组成部分：在小半径圆内转弯的能力（转弯半径）和高速转弯的能力（敏捷性）。 鱼使用不同的运动模式或步态以不同的速度游泳。它们的主要步态是由中鳍和双鳍提供动力的常规游泳，用身体和尾鳍巡航和冲刺，以及快速启动 利用身体的加速度 和 尾巴 鳍 不同步态的机动性不同，将进行实验，以测量每种步态的机动性使用迷宫， 圆形 电缆管道， 和 快速 开始 审判 机动性 将使用 电影或视频记录的逐帧分析。将研究三种不同的鱼的身体形状和鳍的位置。 测量 在进食过程中的可操作性 绕障碍物和通过迷宫的运动将决定形状如何影响运动性能（机动性）和在中鳍和双鳍游泳过程中的能量获得。 在冲刺过程中，鱼会减慢速度转弯。 这与目前的鱼类理论形成对比，目前的鱼类理论可能基于次最大性能水平。快速启动机动的分析将测试一个统一的模型，其中的整体性能取决于速度，转弯的时机和半径。 这些变量决定了行为的一般模式、线性加速和减速模式的细节以及最终的逃逸轨迹。 研究 将 提供 详细 测量 的可操作性在各种活动和一个统一的方法内和种间变化的游泳行为。 由于可操作性可能会限制栖息地的选择，研究应该有助于解决问题，如水生栖息地的恢复。了解那些 限制 速度和机动性将有利于使工业实践中由于夹带而造成的鱼类损失最小化的结构设计。

9507197 The speed and maneuverability of fishes have long captured human imagination. Most research has been concerned with how fish swim at high speeds and accelerate at high rates, but as yet we have little understanding of the causes for differences between species. Maneuverability may provide the unifying explanation, yet there are virtually no studies on fish maneuverability, its effects on speed and acceleration, or how variability in fish body and fin form improves or restricts maneuverability. The purpose of the proposed research is to fill this gap. Maneuverability includes two components: the ability to turn in a small radius circle (turning radius) and the ability to turn at high rate (agility). Fish use different patterns, or gaits, of locomotion to swim at different speeds. Their primary gaits are routine swimming powered by the median and paired fins, cruising and sprinting with the body and tail fins, and fast start accelerations using the body and tail fins. Maneuverability differs between gaits, and experiments will be performed to measure maneuverability in each gait using mazes, circular raceways, and fast start trials. Maneuverability will be measured using frame-by-frame analysis of movie or video recordings. Three fish species varying in body shape and fin location will be studied. Measurements of maneuverability during feeding around obstacles and movement through mazes will determine whether how shape affects motor performance (maneuverability) and energy gain during median and paired fin swimming. During sprints, fish are expected to reduce speed to turn. This contrasts with current theory for fish, which may be based on sub-maximum performance levels. Analysis of fast-start maneuvers will test a unified model in which overall performance depends on speed, the timing of a turn and its radius. These variables determine the general pattern of the behavior, the specifics of linear acceleration and deceleration patterns and the final escape trajectory. The research will provide detailed measurements of maneuverability in various activities and a unified approach to intra- and inter-specific variation in swimming behavior. Because maneuverability may constrain habitat selection, the research should contribute to solving problems like the rehabilitation of aquatic habitat. Understanding the factors that limit speed and maneuverability will facilitate construction design that minimizes fish losses due to entrainment in industrial practices.