Defeat Frames and Social Movements

这是对社会运动的研究。它旨在通过系统地评估文化因素对集体行动的影响，促进我们对发展和衰落的理论和实证理解。本研究将探讨运动文化的一个重要方面，即用来解释挫折和失败的“框架”的影响。它询问活动家们对社会运动失败的解释和解释是否有助于保持参与者的承诺、组织和团结。这些问题是通过考察19世纪末和20世纪初英国的“新工会”运动来探讨的。这场运动始于19世纪80年代末，试图建立一个基础广泛、政治上进步的劳工运动。有两波战斗浪潮，一波发生在19世纪80年代末和90年代初，另一波发生在第一次世界大战之前的几年。在第一次浪潮中，罢工活动爆炸式增长，随之而来的是挫折和失败。在第二次浪潮中，组织和罢工活动的新爆发以永久的组织和政治收益达到高潮。我们将对这两波罢工进行考察，以确定活动家们为解释第一波罢工失败而构建的“教训”或叙述是否对地方工会或工人在第二波罢工中的行动的寿命有任何影响。将采用定性和定量分析。首先，利用报纸报道和工会记录，对罢工失败进行审查，以找出活动人士是否解释了罢工失败，如果是这样，他们使用了什么解释。其次，使用事件历史方法，对工会寿命的数据进行分析，以评估失败框架的使用是否增加了当地工会生存的概率。第三，利用第二波新工会主义的罢工统计数据，对罢工参与率进行分析，以调查防御框架对后来罢工战斗性的影响。第四，将选择少数社区进行更深入的定性检查。这项研究是第一次系统地从经验上评估文化产品——失败框架——对社会运动发展的影响。它也是少数关注社会运动的发展和衰落，而不是它们的出现的研究之一。

This is a study of social movements. It is designed to advance our theoretical and empirical understanding of development and decline by systematically assessing the impact of cultural elements on collective action. This research will investigate the impact of one important aspect of movement culture, the "frame" used to interpret setbacks and defeat. It asks whether the explanations and interpretations activists give for social movement defeats help to preserve the commitment, organization, and solidarity of participants. %%% These issues are explored by examining the British "new union" movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This movement, which began in the late 1880s, attempted to build a broad-based and politically progressive labor movement. There were two waves of militancy, one which occurred in the late 1880s and early 1890s, and the other which occurred in the years preceding World War I. In the first wave, a period of explosive growth and heightened strike activity was followed by setbacks and defeat. In the second wave, a new burst of organizing and strike activity culminated in permanent organizational and political gains. %%% These two waves will be examined to determine whether or not the "lessons" or narratives that activists constructed to explain strike failures in the first wave had any effects on the longevity of local unions or workers' actions in the second wave. Both qualitative and quantitative analysis will be employed. First, using newspaper accounts and union records, failing strikes will be examined to find out whether activists interpreted strike defeats, and if so, what interpretations were used. Second, using event history methods, data on union longevity will be analyzed to assess whether the use of defeat frames increased the probability of local union survival. Third, using strike statistics for the second wave of the new unionism, an analysis of strike participation rates will be done in order to investigate the effects of defe at frames on later strike militancy. Fourth, a few communities will be chosen for more intensive qualitative examination. %%% This research is one of the first systematic efforts to empirically evaluate the impact of a cultural product --defeat frames-- on the development of social movements. It is also one of the few studies to focus on the development and decline of social movements, rather than on their emergence.