Effects of Selection on Offspring Viabilities

摘要派：戈瓦蒂提案编号9631801这项研究旨在测试的假设是，雌性为影响雌性后代生存能力的特征而选择配偶会影响雌性对特定配偶的偏好，即使在女性似乎无法选择的社会制度中，或者在女性选择被生态或社会修改的社会制度中也是如此。能够干扰雌性S与其首选伴侣实现交配的能力的社会行为包括雄性-雄性-互动\S-雌性S互动，以及雌性与那些试图通过强迫交配、攻击性条件反射、附属条件反射或撮合食物资源以换取交配来操纵或改变其选择的雄性之间的互动。这项研究是专门为测试这一假说的一般性而设计的，并将包括对代表植物遗传多样性分类群的六个众所周知和频繁研究的物种进行几乎相同的实验方案的结果的比较。本研究具有协作性和协作性。它将包括在实验室种群上进行实验，其中包括佐治亚大学的假黑腹果蝇，特隆赫姆大学的孔雀，网纹鹦鹉螺，肯塔基大学的灰鹦鹉，绿头鸭，三角洲水禽和湿地研究站的白头翁，以及南伊利诺伊大学卡本代尔的野生家鼠小鼠。研究方案包括让雌性接触一组雄性，研究人员将从由来自不同来源的处女雄性组成的种群中随机挑选个体的表型变异。测试女性将在选择的竞技场表现出偏好。在确定她的首选配偶后，一半的测试雌性将被放入繁殖室，与首选的雄性，另一半与非首选的。来自几种类型的控制操作的后代的生存能力(存活到成年或独立)，包括来自相同系列男性选择试验的控制操作。这项研究的意义在于，关于雌性或雄性自由表达的配偶选择对后代存活率或质量的影响的研究很少。这将是第一次评估1)雌性选择的影响大于雄性选择的影响的理论假设，这些物种对后代具有典型的受精后投资：2.预测对于受精后投资相对相等的物种(海德伊人)，雄性和雌性的选择对后代的生存能力同样重要；3.在自由表达的配偶选择(雌性和雄性)下，后代的存活率与非首选交配相比有何不同；以及4.后代生存能力的差异是由于交配是由管理的还是代表自由行动的个体做出的选择。

ABSTRACT PI: Gowaty PROPOSAL NUMBERS 9631801 The hypothesis that the research is designed to test is that female choice of mates for traits that affect the viabilities of females offspring affects females preferences for particular mates even in social systems in which females seem unable to chose or in which females options are ecologically or socially modified. Social behavior that can interfere with a female s ability to achieve mating \s with her preferred partners include male- male- interactions female-female s interactions, and interactions between the female and those males that attempt to manipulate or modify her choice via forced copulation, aggressive conditioning, affiliative conditioning, or brokering of food resources in exchange for matings. The research is specifically designed to test the generality of this hypothesis and will include comparisons of outcomes from nearly identical experimental protocols on six well- known and frequently studied species representing phylongenetically diverse taxa. This research is collaborative and cooperative. It will include experiments on laboratory populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura, Drosophilia hydei at the university of Georgia, guppies, Poecilea reticulata, at Trondheim University Cockroaches, Nauphoeta cinerea, at the University of Kentucky, mallards, Anas platyrhynchos at the Delta Waterfowl and Wetlands Research Station, and wild house mice, Mus musculus, at the University of Southern Illinois at Carbondale. The research protocol involves exposing females to sets of males, which researchers will pick at random with respect to phenotypic variation of individuals from populations consisting of virgin males from diverse sources. Test females will demonstrate preferences in choice arenas. After Establishing her preferred mate, half of the test females will be placed in breeding chambers with preferred males and half with non preferred. The viability (surv ival to adulthood or independence) of offspring from several types of control manipulations including those from an identical series of male choice trials. The significance of this research lies in the rarity of studies of the effects of freely expressed mate choice by females or males on offspring viability or quality. It will be the first to evaluate 1) the theoretical assumption that the effects of female choice outweigh the effects of male choice for species with typical post-fertilization investments in offspring: 2. the prediction that for a species (D. hydei) with relatively equal post-fertilization investments that male and female choice are equally important to offspring viability; 3. how viabilities of offspring vary under freely- expressed mate choice (By females and males) compared to non preferred matings; and 4. differences in offspring viability as a function of whether matings are managed or represent choices made by freely-acting individuals.