Evolution of Cellular ATP Buffering and Energy Transport Systems

小行星9631907 实际上，活细胞的行为就像内燃机。 脂肪和碳水化合物等各种燃料通过代谢燃烧产生水，二氧化碳和一种称为ATP的化学能货币。ATP为细胞中最有用的过程提供能量，包括生物合成，跨膜泵送物质和细胞运动。 肌肉和神经细胞显示出高的和可变的ATP利用率，其常常超过代谢ATP合成的能力。 在脊椎动物中，这些细胞储存一种称为磷酸肌酸的化学物质，在强烈的能量使用期间充当能量储存器。 磷酸肌酸属于统称为磷酸盐的能量储存化合物家族。 各种其他磷酸盐（约， 精氨酸磷酸盐、牛磺氰胺磷酸盐）存在于非脊椎动物组中。这些化合物以类似于磷酸肌酸的方式起作用。 然而，某些基本的功能差异是显而易见的。 本研究项目将使用高场核磁共振（NMR）光谱和传统的生物化学方法进一步研究不同的磷酸原化合物的功能差异。 一旦这些差异被描绘出来，将开发数学模型来评估这些化合物在各种生物环境中的功能（不同的细胞类型，细胞超微结构，ATP利用率）。 由此产生的模拟将被用来评估和随后解释特定的磷光体的分布 在不同的动物群体中。 这些研究将为细胞能量代谢的演变提供深入了解，这是一个对所有细胞功能至关重要的过程。

9631907 Ellington Living cells, in effect, behave as internal combustion engines. Various fuels such as fats and carbohydrates are metabolically combusted yielding water, carbon dioxide and a form of chemical energy currency known as ATP. ATP provides the energy for most useful processes in the cell including biosynthesis, pumping of materials across membranes and cell movement. Muscle and nerve cells display high and variable rates of ATP utilization which often exceed the capacity for metabolic ATP synthesis. In vertebrates, these cells stockpile a chemical known as creatine phosphate which acts as a reservoir of energy during periods of intense energy use. Creatine phosphate belongs to a family of energy storage compounds collectively known as phosphagens. A variety of other phosphagens (ca., arginine phosphate, taurocyamine phosphate) are found in the non-vertebrate animal groups. These compounds function in a manner analogous to that of creatine phosphate. However, certain fundamental functional differences are evident. The present research project will further investigate functional differences in the diverse phosphagen compounds using high field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and conventional biochemical methods. Once these differences have been delineated, mathematical models will be developed to evaluate the functioning of these compounds in various kinds of biological contexts (different cell types, cell ultrastructure, rates of ATP utilization). The resulting simulations will be used to evaluate and subsequently explain the distribution of particular phosphagens in various animal groups. These studies will provide insight into the evolution of cellular energy metabolism, a process vital to the functioning of all cells.