Enforcing the Chinese Exclusion Laws, 1882-1907: Administrative Discretion and Law's Contradictions

排华法的执行，1882-1907：行政自由裁量权与法律的矛盾

• 批准号: 9707024
• 负责人: Kitty Calavita
• 金额: $ 5.27万
• 依托单位: University of California-Irvine
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 1997
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1997-07-01 至 1999-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=9707024&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Enforcing; Chinese; Exclusion; Laws; 1882

Abstract Calavita 9707024 This research undertakes ethnohistorical analyses focusing on issues surrounding the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act barring the entry into the U.S. of all Chinese laborers. Merchants and other upper-class individuals were exempt from the exclusion. The primary focus of the research is on the conflicts encountered by enforcement personnel who had to implement the Law. Ambiguities in the Act and gaps in the statute plus the inspectors' preconceptions converged to make the task discretionary. The omission of any mention of the status of women, assumptions about race as a biological state, offset by social status, notions about the relation between physical appearance and one's identity, and the clash between identity and social constructions all converge in this project. Data from the Congressional Record, Congressional Hearings and Reports, and the Annual Reports of the Immigration and Naturalization Service provide information on the enforcement of the exclusion laws and on intra-agency decisionmaking as well as the official records of the law's enactment. Documentation from letters, notes, memos, and circulars from and to immigration inspectors and their supervisors will comprise an additional primary source of data.. conflicts and dilemmas surrounding the enforcement of the Law and will provide insights into current conceptions of race, and the intersections of race, class, and gender. This work contributes to our basic understanding of the enforcement of legal rules. %%% This research undertakes ethnohistorical analyses focusing on issues surrounding the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act barring the entry into the U.S. of all Chinese laborers. Merchants and other upper-class individuals were exempt from the exclusion. The primary focus of the research is on the conflicts encountered by enforcement personnel who had to implement the Law. Ambiguities in the Act and gaps in the statute plus the inspectors' preconceptions converged to make the task discretionary. The omission of any mention of the status of women, assumptions about race as a biological state, offset by social status, notions about the relation between physical appearance and one's identity, and the clash between identity and social constructions all converge in this project. Data from the Congressional Record, Congressional Hearings and Reports, and the Annual Reports of the Immigration and Naturalization Service provide information on the enforcement of the exclusion laws and on intra-agency decisionmaking as well as the official records of the law's enactment. Documentation from letters, notes, memos, and circulars from and to immigration inspectors and their supervisors will comprise an additional primary source of data.. conflicts and dilemmas surrounding the enforcement of the Law and will provide insights into current conceptions of race, and the intersections of race, class, and gender. This work contributes to our basic understanding of the enforcement of legal rules. ***

摘要卡拉维塔9707024这项研究进行了民族史学分析，重点是围绕1882年禁止所有中国劳工进入美国的排华法案的问题。商人和其他上流社会的个人则不在此列。研究的主要重点是必须执行该法的执法人员所遇到的冲突。该法中的模棱两可和法规中的空白，加上检查专员的先入为主的观念，使这项任务成为可自由支配的任务。忽略提到女性的地位，认为种族是一种生物状态，被社会地位抵消的假设，关于外表和身份之间关系的概念，以及身份和社会结构之间的冲突，都汇聚在这个项目中。来自《国会记录》、《国会听证会和报告》以及《移民和归化局年度报告》的数据提供了有关执行排他法和机构内决策的信息，以及法律颁布的正式记录。来自移民检查员及其主管的信件、便条、备忘录和通知的文件将构成另一个主要数据来源。关于法律执行方面的冲突和困境，将提供对当前种族概念以及种族、阶级和性别的交集的洞察。这项工作有助于我们对法律规则的实施有基本的了解。这项研究进行了民族史分析，重点是围绕1882年禁止所有中国劳工进入美国的排华法案的问题。商人和其他上流社会的个人则不在此列。研究的主要重点是必须执行该法的执法人员所遇到的冲突。该法中的模棱两可和法规中的空白，加上检查专员的先入为主的观念，使这项任务成为可自由支配的任务。忽略提到女性的地位，认为种族是一种生物状态，被社会地位抵消的假设，关于外表和身份之间关系的概念，以及身份和社会结构之间的冲突，都汇聚在这个项目中。来自《国会记录》、《国会听证会和报告》以及《移民和归化局年度报告》的数据提供了有关执行排他法和机构内决策的信息，以及法律颁布的正式记录。来自移民检查员及其主管的信件、便条、备忘录和通知的文件将构成另一个主要数据来源。关于法律执行方面的冲突和困境，将提供对当前种族概念以及种族、阶级和性别的交集的洞察。这项工作有助于我们对法律规则的实施有基本的了解。***