Post-Attentive Vision

后注意力视觉

• 批准号: 9710498
• 负责人: Jeremy Wolfe
• 金额: $ 16.26万
• 依托单位: Brigham & Women's Hospital Inc
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 1997
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1997-09-01 至 2000-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=9710498&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Post; Attentive; Vision

We cannot fully perceive all of the visual information our eyes can take in at once. If we could, beginning typists would not need to hunt for the C key; they could simply look at the keyboard and know that the C is the third key from the left in the bottom row. That doesn't happen. Even though the C is in plain sight, novice typists have to search from key to key until they find the one they need. Before finding the C, the typists see something at the location of the C; they just have not fully perceived it as the letter C. This example illustrates that vision can be broadly divided into two stages. First, basic features like color, motion, and size are perceived across the entire visual field at the same time. (There are, perhaps, a dozen of these `pre-attentive` basic features.) Then, as attention is directed to a particular region of the visual field, the features in that region are bound together into representations of objects. Thus, when we first look at a scene, what we see is a collection of pre-attentive features. Only when attention is deployed to an item are those features perceptually bound together into a recognizable object. In this project we are studying `post-attentive vision,` asking what happens after attention moves away from an object. Do the features remain bound together? The traditional answer has been `yes.` However, our preliminary data suggest that, to the contrary, when attention leaves an object, the visual representation reverts to its pre-attentive state of unbound features. For example, when people search repeatedly through a visual display of individual letters for a target letter (e.g., Is there an E?; Is there a G?) one might think the search would become increasingly efficient as attention was directed to more and more of the letters in the display. However, this does not happen; the search is apparently no more efficient on trial 100 than on trial 1. Building upon these and other recent findings, we will conduct further tests of the hypothesis that people do not build up a visual percept over time, and we will also explore several issues arising from this hypothesis. The results will speak to basic questions about the nature of visual perception, and will also have practical implications for our understanding of real world tasks involving visual search (e.g., driving, interpreting X-rays, reading).

我们无法立即完全感知眼睛可以接收的所有视觉信息。如果可以的话，初级打字员就不需要寻找 C 键了；他们只需查看键盘即可知道 C 是底行左起第三个键。那不会发生。尽管 C 很明显，新手打字员仍必须逐个键搜索，直到找到所需的键。在找到 C 之前，打字员会在 C 的位置看到一些东西；他们只是没有完全将其视为字母C。这个例子说明视觉可以大致分为两个阶段。首先，颜色、运动和大小等基本特征在整个视野中同时被感知。 （也许有十几个这样的“前注意”基本特征。）然后，当注意力被引导到视野的特定区域时，该区域中的特征被绑定在一起形成对象的表示。 因此，当我们第一次看到一个场景时，我们看到的是一系列预先注意的特征。只有当注意力集中在某个项目上时，这些特征才会在感知上结合在一起形成可识别的对象。 在这个项目中，我们正在研究“注意力后视觉”，询问注意力离开物体后会发生什么。这些功能是否仍然绑定在一起？传统的答案是“是”。然而，我们的初步数据表明，相反，当注意力离开某个对象时，视觉表征会恢复到未绑定特征的注意力前状态。例如，当人们通过单个字母的视觉显示重复搜索目标字母（例如，有 E 吗？有 G 吗？）时，人们可能会认为，随着注意力被引导到显示中越来越多的字母，搜索会变得越来越有效。然而，这并没有发生；试验 100 的搜索显然并不比试验 1 更有效。基于这些和其他最近的发现，我们将对人们不会随着时间的推移建立视觉感知的假设进行进一步的测试，我们还将探讨该假设引起的几个问题。研究结果将解答有关视觉感知本质的基本问题，并且对于我们理解涉及视觉搜索的现实世界任务（例如驾驶、解释 X 射线、阅读）也具有实际意义。