Dissertation Research: History of Evolutionary Biology in Germany from the 1880s through the 1920s

本论文的研究项目将集中在进化机制的科学争论的历史研究。 它将集中在德国和奥地利从19世纪80年代到20世纪20年代，并考虑到更广泛的达尔文和非达尔文理论比已经详细分析过。 其中比较著名的进化论者被认为是八月魏斯曼，恩斯特海克尔，西奥多艾默尔，路德维希板，理查德Goldschleman，和保罗Kammerer。 该项目将建立在最近关于德国社会达尔文主义、生命科学学科形成、德国科学文化方面以及一些关于科学家个人的专著的文献所提供的坚实基础之上。 本书将试图揭示进化生物学领域内的多样性和争议性，并展示实验证据是如何被用来支持对立观点的。 在这个明显的“达尔文主义黯然失色”的时期，我们将特别努力整理拉马克主义的各种各样的观点及其吸引力的来源。这个项目也将考虑1900年左右遗传、发育和细胞学的进步如何影响进化论的争论，因为达尔文主义者和非达尔文主义者都必须用新的发现来调和他们假设的机制

This dissertation research project will focus on a historical study of scientific debate over mechanisms of evolution. It will concentrate on Germany and Austria from the 1880's through the 1920's and take into account a wider range of Darwinian and non-Darwinian theories than has been analyzed in detail before. Among the better known evolutionists to be considered are August Weismann, Ernst Haeckel, Theodor Eimer, Ludwig Plate, Richard Goldschmidt, and Paul Kammerer. The project will build upon the solid foundation provided by recent literature on social Darwinism in Germany, discipline formation in the life sciences, and cultural aspects of German science, as well as a number of monographs on individual scientists. The attempt will be made to bring out the diversity and contentiousness within the field of evolutionary biology and to show how experimental evidence was used to support opposing views. A special effort will be made to sort out the varieties of Lamarckism and the sources of their appeal during this period of apparent `eclipse of Darwinism.` This project will also consider how advances in heredity, development and cytology around 1900 affected the evolutionary debates as Darwinians and non-Darwinians alike had to reconcile their postulated mechanisms with new findings