Institutions for Managing the Commons

越来越多的科学家把注意力集中在与公共财产资源相关的问题上，这一话题不仅对智力上的挑战很重要，而且与环境质量的维护、物种的生存和世界各地居民的生活质量也有关系。没有一门学科有足够的工具和观点来全面分析管理淡水、森林、大气、渔业、海洋和遗传资源等共同资源的各种体制安排的绩效。此外，围绕着在多个部门应对地方、区域和全球公域的各种制度安排的效率、公平和可持续性的要求，学术界存在相当大的争论。为了进一步开展这方面的跨学科工作，国家研究委员会的一个研究委员会将编写一份关于“管理公地的机构”的综合报告。本报告将以一系列相关学科的主要研究人员发表的主要论文为基础，并将重点关注六个主要问题领域：(1)自组织合作的出现和维持；(2)产权、市场和公共资源；(3)跨组织层次的联系是公共资源管理的一个问题；(4)资源使用者的异质性和变化；(5)不确定性、可变性和冲击；(6)公地困境中个体行为的形式化理论。有关文件将于二零零零年六月在国际共同财产研究协会会议的特别小组上进行讨论，最终报告将于二零零一年年初发表。这个项目将促进来自广泛学科的科学家之间的相互作用，并将为今后关于共同资源的研究和政策分析提供一个基础，包括在国际人文方面方案下的一项新的多年研究工作。

An increasing number and range of scientists are focusing their attention on issues associated with common property resources, a topic significant not only for its intellectual challenges but also for its relevance to the maintenance of environmental quality, the survival of species, and the quality of life of residents around the world. No single discipline has sufficient tools and perspectives to undertake a comprehensive analysis of the performance of diverse institutional arrangements to manage such common resources as fresh water, forests, the atmosphere, fisheries, oceans, and the pool of genetic resources. Furthermore, considerable academic debate surrounds claims for the efficiency, equity, and sustainability of diverse institutional arrangements for coping with local, regional, and global commons in multiple sectors. To further interdisciplinary work on this topic, a National Research Council study committee will prepare a synthetic report on "Institutions for Managing the Commons." This report will be based on major papers presented by leading researchers from a range of relevant disciplines and will focus on six major issue areas: (1) the emergence and sustenance of self-organized cooperation; (2) property rights, markets, and common-pool resources; (3) linkage across levels of organization as a problem for common-pool resource management; (4) heterogeneity and change among resource users; (5) uncertainty, variability, and shocks; and (6) a formal theory of individual behavior in commons dilemmas. Discussion of the papers will occur at special panels associated with the meeting of the International Association for the Study of Common Property in June 2000, with the final report scheduled for publication early in 2001. This project will facilitate interaction among scientists from a broad range of disciplines, and it will provide a base for future research and policy analysis on common-pool resources, including a new multiyear research effort under the International Human Dimensions Programme.