Inflow Boundary Layer of Atlantic Hurricanes

这项研究的目的是描述海洋边界层流入飓风的能量含量的演变及其与飓风强度变化的关系。 这项工作将与NOAA飓风研究司目前计划的调查登陆飓风能量学的侦察任务合作完成。 这项研究的主要新特点是计划部署NOAA/U的夏威夷智能卫星作为拉格朗日实验战略的一部分。 拉格朗日实验利用了新的高分辨率全球定位系统（GPS）落式风测仪，湍流通量传感器，和多普勒雷达上的NOAA WP-3D airports.Since可能有显着的横流变化的流入，该计划包括收购关键的现场数据的热力学历史和轨迹的空气团在流入层。 气象和全球定位系统定位数据将由NOAA的空气资源实验室实地研究司开发的一个经过验证的气球载仪器平台（智能气球）收集。 数据将通过卫星移动电话传输到国家飓风中心（NHC）和WP-3D飞机。智能气球具有很大的动态升力范围（海平面至6公里），由高强度球形外壳和内部加压气囊上的泵和释放阀提供。这种设计允许气球在边界层中保持在规定的高度操作极限内，尽管有降水负荷以及辐射加热和冷却对气球升力的影响。仪器和应答器包将装在气球的外壳内，以保护它们免受环境危害，在每次实地实验开始时，将从飓风经过的250公里范围内的沿海地点部署两个智能气球。这一策略将使NOAA WP-3D飞机在气球接近飓风眼墙时在气球附近进行一系列测量。 气球释放地点和时间将根据NCEP的风暴轨迹预测和夏威夷大学对空气团轨迹的预测来选择。受影响的美国海岸沿着的站点将作为释放点，以调查大陆起源气流的演变和影响，而岛屿站点（例如，波多黎各）可以作为释放点，调查留在公海上空的轨迹。这项研究将提高我们对飓风核心热力学和角动量场之间关系的理解。 在实验过程中，由智能气象站和飞机收集的实时数据，特别是风数据，将提供给国家飓风中心和国家环境预测中心，以帮助在飓风登陆前准备飓风强度预报，手表和警告。

The purpose of this research is to characterize the evolution of the energy content of the marine boundary-layer inflow to hurricanes and its relationship with hurricane intensity changes. This effort will be accomplished in cooperation with reconnaissance missions currently planned by the NOAA Hurricane Research Division to investigate the energetics of landfalling hurricanes. The key novel feature of this research is the planned deployment of NOAA/U of Hawaii Smart Balloons as part of a Lagrangian experimental strategy. The Lagrangian experiment leverages the availability of new high-resolution Global Positioning System (GPS) dropwindsondes, turbulent flux sensors, and the Doppler radar on the NOAA WP-3D aircraft.Since there may be significant cross-stream variability in the inflow, the plan includes acquisition of critical in situ data on the thermodynamic history and trajectories of air parcels in the inflow layer. Meteorological and GPS position data will be collected by a proven balloon-borne instrument platform (Smart Balloon), developed at NOAA's Air Resources Lab, Field Research Division. The data will be transmitted via satellite cellular telephone to the National Hurricane Center (NHC) and the WP-3D aircraft. The Smart Balloon has a large dynamic lift range (sea level to 6 km), provided by a high strength spherical shell and a pump and release valve on an internal pressurized air bladder. This design allows the balloons to remain within prescribed altitude operating limits in the boundary layer despite precipitation loading and effects of radiative heating and cooling on balloon lift. The instrument and transponder package will be contained within the outer shell of the balloon to protect them from environmental hazards.At the outset of each field experiment, two smart balloons will be deployed from a coastal location within 250 km of a passing hurricane. This strategy will allow the NOAA WP-3D aircraft to make a series of measurements in the vicinity of the balloons as they approach the hurricane eyewall. Balloon release sites and times will be chosen based on storm-track predictions from NCEP and forecasts of air-parcel trajectories made at the University of Hawaii. Sites along the affected US coast will serve as release points to investigate the evolution and impact of air streams of continental origin, while island sites (e.g., Puerto Rico) can serve as release points to investigate trajectories that remain over the open ocean. This research will improve our understanding of how the thermodynamics and angular momentum fields in the core of hurricanes are related. Real-time data, especially wind data, collected by the Smart Balloons and aircraft during the experiment will be made available to the National Hurricane Center and the National Center for Environmental Prediction to aid in preparation of hurricane intensity forecasts, watches, and warnings prior to landfall.