Multiscale Studies of Synoptic and Mesoscale Disturbances Over the North Pacific, North America, and North Atlantic

根据这项合同，首席研究员将对中纬度和热带扰动的生命周期进行多尺度（时间和空间）观测和数值研究。 美国国家科学基金会（NSF）最近完成的和正在进行的研究表明：（1）中纬度重要天气系统的生命周期是如何被对流层上层的长期相干扰动控制的，这些扰动环绕地球仪，反过来又受到行星尺度流的结构和演变的影响;（2）中纬度扰动可以通过冷涌影响热带，导致信风东风和副热带急流的加速;（3）南半球澳大利亚-新西兰地区冬季分裂急流的存在是如何归因于极地的出现和消失的-南极洲海岸附近的锋喷流;（4）太平洋风暴轴末端的风暴在穿越北美西部时遵循优先路径，（5）高空中尺度位涡异常在暖季顺时针旋转，准平稳中纬度大陆反气旋可以触发中尺度对流系统的形成，在某些情况下，热带风暴 有关这些课题的研究会继续进行，而新的研究则会集中在热带气旋向温带过渡的研究上。将利用新的再分析数据集和新的遥感卫星观测（例如，对流层上层水汽风和先进的微波探测器-辐射能显示热带气旋的暖核）。 有了这些新的数据集和观测结果，就可以对过境热带气旋的结构进行研究（例如，暖到冷的核心;对称到不对称），以努力了解可能导致风暴爆炸性再增强潜力的因素。 案例将来自过去和未来难以预测的过渡风暴。 研究方法将基于正在进行的工作，并将涉及观察和建模组件。

Under this award, the Principal Investigator will undertake multiscale (time and space) observational and numerical studies of the life cycles of mid-latitude and tropical disturbances. This research is motivated by the results of recently completed and ongoing NSF supported investigations that have demonstrated how: (1) the life cycles of significant mid-latitude weather systems can be controlled by long-lived coherent disturbances in the upper troposphere that circumnavigate the globe and in turn are influenced by the configuration and evolution of the planetary-scale flow; (2) mid-latitude disturbances can impact the tropics through cool surges that lead to an acceleration of the trade wind easterlies and the subtropical jet; (3) how the winter-season split jet in the Australia-New Zealand sector of the Southern Hemisphere owes its existence to the appearance and disappearance of the polar-front jet near the coast of Antarctica; (4) storms at the end of the Pacific storm track follow preferential pathways as they move across western North America, and (5) mesoscale potential vorticity anomalies aloft that rotate clockwise around warm-season, quasi-stationary mid-latitude continental anticyclones can trigger the formation of mesoscale convective systems that in some cases can become associated with incipient tropical storms. Ongoing research on these topics will continue.New research will focus primarily on studies of the extratropical transition of tropical cyclones. Advantage will be taken of new reanalysis data sets and new remotely sensed satellite observations (e.g., upper troposphere water vapor winds and advanced microwave sounder unit-radiances that can reveal warm cores in tropical cyclones). The availability of these new data sets and observations should permit, for example, an examination of the structure of transiting tropical cyclones (e.g., warm to cold core; symmetric to asymmetric) in an effort to understand the factors that may contribute to the explosive reintensification potential of the storms. Cases will be drawn from past and future difficult-to-predict transitioning storms. The research methodology will be based upon ongoing work and will involve both an observational and a modeling component.