CAREER: Mitigation of Pollution Hazards in Ephemeral Streams and Estuaries; A Plan for Research and Education in Environmental Hydraulics

9984579- SandersThis教师早期职业发展（CAREER）研究和教育项目认为，确定影响地表水系统污染危害的关键组成部分是一种有前途的方法。 制定减灾战略的一个核心挑战是确定对成果贡献过大的关键组成部分。 如果事先知道这些组成部分，就可以很容易地采取减轻灾害的工程方法。 该方法利用伴随灵敏度形式主义适用于一个随时间变化的和深度集成的配方描述流和污染物传输的河流和河口，伴随配方产生一个定量的描述系统的结果是如何与系统组件和控制行动-信息，可用于确定的关键组件。 这种方法对于检查河流和河口的污染危害特别有用，因为不稳定和非线性的流动混淆了现场观察、系统特征和源控制之间的关系。所使用的方法适用于河流和河口的广泛污染问题，例如富营养化、毒性和病原体问题。 在加州中部和南部的干旱沿海地区，这种方法特别有吸引力，因为那里短暂的水文对《清洁水法》规定的TMDL（最大日总负荷）过程的实施提出了挑战。 因此，针对包括有机物、金属和病原体在内的各种污染物的TMDL过程并没有以直接的方式进行。 这种新的方法是用来确定影响微生物污染的圣安娜河流域的关键组成部分。 预计这将导致洞察到TMDLs的公平分配的微生物污染在沿海流域，以及更好地了解该方法的真正效用，和战略，以管理污染通过控制的关键组成部分。在教育方面，基于问题的学习方法（PBL）是实施在本科和研究生课程的环境水力学，即水文学，水力学和污染物运输。 PBL最初是在医学领域发展起来的，结果表明，它比工程领域常用的教学方法更能为学生的终身学习做好准备。 目前正在测试结合PBL和教学形式的PBL混合版本，目标是培养批判性思维、自我指导和自我激励技能，同时确保涵盖每门课程的要点。 其目的是为学生参加培训工程师（EIT）考试做准备-这是迈向专业实践的重要一步。 流域表征和设计问题，从现场作为PBL的基础。 学生不仅需要寻求和理解设计和分析的工程方法，而且要评估分析所需的特定场地数据，以及如何使用快速发展的信息技术获得这些数据。

9984579- SandersThis Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) research and education project considers a promising approach for identifying key components affecting pollution hazards in surface water systems. A central challenge in developing strategies for hazard mitigation is identifying the key components that contribute disproportionately to outcomes. When these components are known in advance, engineering approaches for hazard mitigation can then readily follow. The approach utilizes an adjoint sensitivity formalism applied to a time-dependent and depth-integrated formulation describing flow and pollutant transport in streams and estuaries.The adjoint formulation yields a quantitative description of how system outcomes are related to system components and control actions -- information that can be used to determine the key components. This approach is particularly useful for examining pollution hazards in streams and estuaries, because the unsteady and nonlinear flow obfuscates the relationship between field observations, system characteristics, and source controls.The approach used is applicable to a wide range of pollution problems in streams and estuaries such as eutrophication, toxicity, and pathogen issues. It is particularly attractive in arid coastal regions in central and southern California, where the ephemeral hydrology presents challenges to the implementation of the TMDL (Total Maximum Daily Load) process set forth by the Clean Water Act. As a result, the TMDL process for a wide range of pollutants, including organics, metals, and pathogens, has not proceeded in a straight forward manner. This new methodology is used to identify the key components affecting microbial pollution in the Santa Ana River Watershed. It is expected that this will lead to insight into the equitable assignment of TMDLs for microbial pollution in a coastal watershed, as well as a better understanding of the true utility of the methodology, and strategies to manage pollution via control of the key components.With regard to education, the Problem-Based Learning method (PBL) is implemented in undergraduate and graduate courses in environmental hydraulics, that is, hydrology, hydraulics, and pollutant transport. PBL was first developed in the field of medicine, and results indicate that it better prepares students for life-long learning than the didactic method commonly used in engineering. A hybrid version of PBL that combines the PBL and didactic format is being tested, the goal being to foster critical thinking, self-direction, and self-motivation skills, while ensuring that the essentials of each course are covered. The objective is to prepare students for the Engineer-in-Training(EIT) exam--an important step towards professional practice. Watershed characterization and design problems from the field site are employed as the basis for PBL. Students are required to not only seek out and understand engineering methods of design and analysis, but to assess what site-specific data are necessary for analysis, and how these data can be obtained using rapidly evolving information technologies.