Ultra-High-Capacity Optical Communications and Networking: Optical CDMA with Femtosecond Pulses for Ultra-High-Capacity Communications and Networking

在该提案中，来自加州大学圣地亚哥分校（UCSD）的三名研究人员专门从事光学、通信和计算机网络领域的研究，他们正在合作开展超高容量光通信和网络计划。许多研究人员认为，将光传输技术用于大规模网络的最有效和最经济的方式是在电路交换模式中使用波分复用（WDM），与用电子实现的分组交换重叠。虽然情况可能确实如此，但重要的是要研究具有巨大潜力的替代方法。UCSD团队一直在研究通过光纤进行信息传输的新技术，其中采用了使用超短激光脉冲的码分多址（CDMA）。目前正在开发紧凑、低成本的基于光纤的超短脉冲源，使该技术适用于未来的实际网络。当超短脉冲被编码用于CDMA时，脉冲在时间上展开并且类似于在光纤上传输的噪声突发。在接收节点处，解码器被应用于从多个用户接收的信号，其仅匹配期望的发射机的编码。匹配信号分量被变换回超短脉冲形式，该超短脉冲形式可以通过非线性光学技术在来自其他用户的剩余干扰上被检测到。 UCSD开发的用于超短脉冲的新型高分辨率脉冲合成和检测技术使各种数据传输格式能够被考虑，例如具有开/关键控、脉冲位置调制和幅度调制的超快分组传输。CDMA方案能够实现对传输资源的大规模、异步、并发接入。通过合适的架构，这可以用来简化网络控制，并提高可靠性和灵活性。 本建议的目的是进行基础研究，从理论上研究和实验验证数据调制方案，有效的信息传输结合CDMA编码的超短脉冲在光纤网络。有效的调制格式将导致超过数十太比特/秒的总传输速率，单个用户速率在1-10吉比特/秒的量级。本提案的具体目标包括：对超短高斯脉冲的光CDMA进行建模，对传输波形进行完整的统计分析，对支持数千个用户且干扰最小的各种光CDMA码进行研究，对各种调制方案的接收光信号进行误码率分析，对光纤信道引起的失真进行建模和表征，用于减少色散和其他光纤失真的自适应均衡技术，调制方案的计算机模拟，以及通信系统的实验评估：发射机、光信道和接收机。拟议项目的各个阶段相辅相成。结合在一起，他们提供了深入的知识与CDMA编码超短脉冲通信的理论和实验问题。 这些研究结果将与科学界分享，不仅增强了该领域其他研究人员的知识基础，而且也增强了进行研究的学生的知识基础。我们将演示一个原型光网络，其中多个用户采用的调制格式，将携带超过每秒10太比特的信息，当按比例放大到全部用户数。 这项工作的潜在影响将是证明超短脉冲的光CDMA编码是可实现的，是WDM的理想替代品。目前，WDM是首选的复用方法，由于其简单和低成本。虽然WDM确实显著增加了传输带宽，但由于信道之间需要保护带和信道利用率不足，它仍然没有充分利用可用的光学带宽。相比之下，CDMA编码的超短脉冲共享整个带宽而不需要保护频带，从而导致传输资源的有效利用。使用CDMA还可以提供高度灵活和鲁棒的基础设施，分组交换可以覆盖在该基础设施上。CDMA格式还提供了一定程度的安全性，因为在不知道所使用的代码的情况下无法提取数据。

In this proposal, three researchers from the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), specializing in the fields of optics, communications, and computer networks, are collaborating on the Ultra-High-Capacity Optical Communications and Networking initiative. It is felt by many researchers that the most efficient and economical way to utilize optical transmission technology for large scale networking is to use wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) in a circuit switched mode, overlaid with packet switching implemented with electronics. While this may indeed be the case, it is important to investigate alternative approaches that have great potential. The UCSD team has been investigating novel techniques of information transmission via optical fiber, where code division multiple access (CDMA) using ultrashort laser pulses is employed. Compact, low cost fiber-based ultrashort pulse sources are currently being developed, making the technology suitable for future practical networks. When an ultrashort pulse is encoded for CDMA, the pulse spreads out in time and resembles a noise burst that is transmitted on the optical fiber. At the receiving node, a decoder is applied to the received signals from multiple users, which matches only the encoding of the desired transmitter. The matching signal component is transformed back to an ultrashort pulse form that can be detected over the remaining interference from other users with nonlinear optical techniques. A novel high resolution pulse synthesis and detection technique for ultrashort pulses developed at UCSD enable various data transmission formats to be considered, such as ultrafast packet transmission with on/off keying, pulse position modulation, and amplitude modulation. The CDMA scheme enables large scale, asynchronous, concurrent access to the transmission resources. With a suitable architecture, this can be exploited to simplify network control, and increase reliability and flexibility. The objective of this proposal is to conduct basic research by investigating theoretically and verifyingexperimentally data modulation schemes for efficient information transmission in conjunction with CDMA encoded ultrashort pulses in an optical fiber network. Efficient modulation formats will result in aggregate transmission rates exceeding 10's of terabits/second, with individual user rates on the order of 1-10 gigabits/second. The specific objectives of this proposal include modeling of the optical CDMA for ultrashort Gaussian pulses, complete statistical analysis of the transmitted waveforms, investigation of various optical CDMA codes that support thousands of users with minimal interference, bit error rate analysis of received optical signals for various modulation schemes, modeling and characterization of the distortions induced by the fiber channel, adaptive equalization techniques for reducing dispersion and other fiber distortions, computer simulations of the modulation schemes, and experimental evaluation of the communication system: transmitter, optical channel, and receiver. The various phases of the proposed project complement each other. Combined together, they provide for in-depth knowledge of the theoretical and experimental issues of communicating with CDMA encoded ultrashort pulses. These findings will be shared with the scientific community, enhancing not only the knowledge base of other researchers in the field, but also of the students conducting the research. We shall demonstrate a prototype optical network with several users employing the modulation format that will carry over 10 terabits per second of information, when scaled up to the full number of users. The potential impact of the work will be in the proof that optical CDMA encoding of ultrashort pulses is arealizable and desirable alternative to WDM. Currently, WDM is the preferred multiplexing method due to itssimplicity and low cost. While WDM does increase the transmitted bandwidth significantly, it still does not fully utilize the available optical bandwidth due to both the need for guard bands between channels and the under utilization of channels. In contrast, CDMA encoded ultrashort pulses share the entire bandwidth without the need for guard bands, leading to efficient utilization of transmission resources. Using CDMA can also provide a highly flexible and robust infrastructure, upon which packet switching can be overlaid. The CDMA format also provides a degree of security, as no data can be extracted without knowledge of the codes employed.