Reshaping Civil Society: Islam, Democracy and Diversity in Istanbul

重塑公民社会：伊斯坦布尔的伊斯兰教、民主和多样性

• 批准号: 0137060
• 负责人: Anna Secor
• 金额: $ 15.92万
• 依托单位: University of Kentucky Research Foundation
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2002
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2002-03-15 至 2005-02-28
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0137060&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Reshaping; Civil; Society; Islam; Democracy

A global wave of democratization has transformed the political geography of Latin America, Central and Eastern Europe, Asia and Africa, but the Middle East has remained dominated by authoritarian regimes, with Turkey appearing as a regional anomaly. However, Turkish democracy remains riddled by problems. This research project will focus on civil society in Istanbul, Turkey's largest and most diverse city, as a window into the problem of democratic consolidation in Turkey. Civil society, most often defined as the realm of associational life distinct from both family-life and the state, has been identified as an arena in which values and attitudes that are conducive to democratic governance, such as trust, cooperation and tolerance, are reproduced. In the Middle East, the failure of democracy to take root has often been attributed to the presence of "weak" or disorganized civil societies incapable of acting as countervailing forces to strong states, and to the role of Islam in public life. The central research questions of this study concern the form and extent of civil society in Istanbul, the relationship between civil society and the consolidation of democracy, the diversity of modes of participation in civil society across neighborhood contexts and different groups (based on gender, class, ethnicity, migrant status and religion), and the role of Islamist networks as an alternative avenue of public participation. These research questions will be addressed through a multi-method research design that includes both quantitative and qualitative methods. Seventy-five Istanbul neighborhoods will be selected based on the stratification of all municipal neighborhoods using rates of population change (as an indicator of in-migration) and land-value (as an indicator of class-status). A survey will be administered to a random sample (proportionate to population within the sampled neighborhoods) of voting age residents, for a total sample of 4,000 respondents. In the second stage of the project, ten focus groups of population sub-groups (e.g. women, migrants, high socio-economic status residents, Kurds, Alevis etc.) will be used to explore the meaning and implications of differences across groups in their engagement in civil society, their use of urban space, and their relative acceptance of democratic values. Finally, a case study of Islamist networks in the city will be conducted through interviews with Islamist leaders and activists. This final research stage will provide greater insight into how the Islamist networks and associations function in the city. While the survey data will be analyzed using multi-level logistic modeling techniques, the focus groups and interviews will be discursively analyzed to provide qualitative depth to questions of Islam and difference in Istanbul.This study will offer a new understanding of the architecture of civil society, the variety of associations, relationships, and local contexts that comprise it, and the relationships between Islam, civil society and democracy in Turkey. Democracy in Turkey is of critical human, geopolitical, and theoretical importance. From a Turkish perspective, the consolidation of democracy has been an ongoing goal, not only of the state but also of civil societal elements concerned with human rights and free expression. Turkish democracy is also of international interest, with Turkey's bid to join the European Union hinging on the country's democratic consolidation. Further, as a secular democracy, Turkey is a model for the Muslim-majority countries of the Middle East and Central Asia and. Based on what has so far been established by the civil society literature, it is probable that the future of Turkish democracy will pivot on whether or not democracy takes root in the public sphere, in the values and attitudes of individuals and social groups. This project will be able to offer a clear indication of the level of civil societal activity, its geographical and social distribution, and the relationship between civic engagement (in a range of arenas of civic engagement, including Islamist associational life) and democratic values in Istanbul. This project will contribute to empirical and comparative analyses of the forms and intensity of civil society in different contexts, and to analyses of the relationships between civic engagement, Islamist associational life, and the creation of democratic values. In addition to these empirical contributions, this project will enable the extension of current theories of civil society beyond the historical limitations of Western models, not only by virtue of exploring these relationships in a Muslim-majority society, but also by focusing in the effects of locality, gender and diversity on civic participation and its significance.

全球民主化浪潮改变了拉丁美洲、中欧和东欧、亚洲和非洲的政治地理，但中东仍由专制政权主导，土耳其则是该地区的一个例外。然而，土耳其的民主仍然充满问题。这一研究项目将侧重于土耳其最大和最多样化的城市伊斯坦布尔的民间社会，作为了解土耳其民主巩固问题的一个窗口。 民间社会通常被界定为与家庭生活和国家不同的社团生活领域，它被确定为一个竞技场，在这个竞技场中，有利于民主施政的价值观和态度，如信任、合作和容忍，得以再现。在中东，民主未能扎根往往被归因于“软弱”或无组织的公民社会的存在，无法成为强大国家的抗衡力量，以及伊斯兰教在公共生活中的作用。本研究的中心研究问题涉及伊斯坦布尔民间社会的形式和范围，民间社会与巩固民主之间的关系，不同社区背景和不同群体（基于性别，阶级，种族，移民身份和宗教）参与民间社会模式的多样性，以及伊斯兰网络作为公众参与的替代途径的作用。这些研究问题将通过多方法研究设计，包括定量和定性方法来解决。 75个伊斯坦布尔社区将根据所有城市社区的分层，使用人口变化率（作为移民指标）和土地价值（作为阶级地位指标）进行选择。 将对投票年龄居民的随机样本（与抽样社区内的人口成比例）进行调查，总样本为4 000名受访者。在该项目的第二阶段，人口分组的十个重点群体（如妇女、移民、社会经济地位高的居民、库尔德人、阿列维人等）将被用来探讨不同群体在参与公民社会、使用城市空间以及相对接受民主价值观方面的差异的意义和影响。 最后，将通过与伊斯兰领导人和活动家的访谈，对该市的伊斯兰网络进行案例研究。这一最后的研究阶段将提供更深入的了解伊斯兰网络和协会如何在城市中发挥作用。 虽然调查数据将使用多层次逻辑模型技术进行分析，但焦点小组和访谈将进行话语分析，以提供对伊斯兰教和伊斯坦布尔差异问题的定性深度。这项研究将提供对公民社会结构的新理解，各种协会，关系和组成它的当地背景，以及伊斯兰教，土耳其的公民社会和民主。 土耳其的民主具有至关重要的人文、地缘政治和理论意义。从土耳其的角度来看，巩固民主不仅是国家的目标，也是关注人权和言论自由的民间社会成员的目标。土耳其的民主也引起了国际社会的兴趣，土耳其加入欧盟的努力取决于该国的民主巩固。此外，作为一个世俗民主国家，土耳其是中东和中亚穆斯林占多数的国家的典范。根据迄今为止民间社会文献所确定的情况，土耳其民主的未来很可能取决于民主是否在公共领域、在个人和社会团体的价值观和态度中扎根。该项目将能够清楚地表明民间社会活动的水平、其地理和社会分布以及公民参与（在一系列公民参与领域，包括伊斯兰教协会生活）与伊斯坦布尔民主价值观之间的关系。该项目将有助于对不同背景下民间社会的形式和强度进行实证和比较分析，并有助于分析公民参与、伊斯兰教社团生活和创造民主价值观之间的关系。 除了这些经验性的贡献，该项目将使目前的民间社会理论的扩展超越西方模式的历史局限性，不仅通过探索这些关系在穆斯林占多数的社会，而且还通过集中在地方，性别和多样性对公民参与及其意义的影响。