Southwestern Pueblo Subsistence, Diet, and Health Under Spanish Colonization

在美国国家科学基金会的支持下，凯瑟琳·斯皮尔曼博士、她的学生和同事们将分析从新墨西哥州中部萨利纳斯地区的三个普韦布洛遗址挖掘出来的大量动物骨骼和植物材料。这些遗址是西班牙修士在17世纪20年代传教的，提供了一个独特的机会来调查普韦布洛人如何改变他们的生存方式和饮食，以应对西班牙对他们劳动力和资源的需求。西班牙文献记载，萨利纳斯地区的贡品是玉米和羚羊皮，该省的州长要求普韦布洛人收集和运输小松果和盐。这些文件没有讨论普韦布洛人是如何根据这些要求改变他们的狩猎、采集和耕作方式的。有两种可能性是显而易见的。一方面，缺乏足够的时间和劳动力来从事农业以满足他们的需求，这可能导致普韦布洛人进一步依赖野生的，收集饥荒食物。另一方面，时间和劳动力可能越来越多地集中在农业生产上，传统的采集活动减少了。狩猎可能主要集中在大型猎物身上以获取兽皮，而不是该地区更丰富的小型猎物。对西班牙传教前后普韦布洛中部现存的植物和动物遗迹种类的分析，将使他们能够评估这些可能性。然后，将通过综合对其中一个遗址的人类骨骼遗骸的若干分析，调查生存变化对普韦布洛人健康的影响。先前在美国东南部和平原地区进行的跨学科研究表明，土著人对欧洲殖民的反应存在显著差异。然而，到目前为止，还没有研究过美国西南部土著人在生存和饮食方面的变化。这个项目为进行这样的分析提供了一个无与伦比的机会，并比较了北美不同环境和不同殖民条件下土著人的反应。

With National Science Foundation support, Dr. Katherine Spielmann, her students, and colleagues will analyze large collections of animal bones and botanical materials from seven years of excavation at three pueblo sites in the Salinas area of central New Mexico. These sites were missionized by Spanish friars in the 1620s, and provide a unique opportunity to investigate how Pueblo populations modified their subsistence practices and diets in response to Spanish demands on their labor and resources. Spanish records document that tribute in the Salinas area was taken in corn and antelope hides, and that governors of the province required Pueblos to collect and transport pinyon nuts and salt. The documents do not discuss how Pueblo people modified their hunting, gathering, and farming in light of these demands. Two possibilities are evident. On the one hand, lack of time and labor to pursue agriculture sufficiently to meet their needs may have caused Pueblo peoples to rely further on wild, collected famine foods. On the other hand, time and labor may have been increasingly focused on agricultural production, with traditional gathering practices curtailed. Hunting may have focused on large game for their hides, rather than the more abundant small game available in the area. Analyses of the kinds of plant and animal remains present in Pueblo middens before and after Spanish missionization will allow them to evaluate these possibilities. The impact of subsistence changes on Pueblo health will then be investigated through a synthesis of a number of analyses of human skeletal remains from one of the sites.Previous interdisciplinary research in the southeastern and Plains areas of the United States has demonstrated marked variability in indigenous responses to European colonization. Thus far, however, indigenous changes in subsistence and diet have not been studied for the southwestern U.S. This project provides an unparalleled opportunity to undertake such an analysis, and to compare native responses in different environments and under different conditions of colonization across North America.