Southwestern Pueblo Subsistence, Diet, and Health Under Spanish Colonization

在国家科学基金会的支持下，凯瑟琳斯皮尔曼博士、她的学生和同事将分析新墨西哥州中部萨利纳斯地区三个普韦布洛遗址七年来挖掘的大量动物骨骼和植物材料。这些地点在17世纪20年代由西班牙修士传教，并提供了一个独特的机会来调查普韦布洛人如何改变他们的生存方式和饮食，以应对西班牙对他们的劳动力和资源的需求。西班牙文献记载，萨利纳斯地区的贡品是玉米和羚羊皮，该省的总督要求普韦布洛人收集和运输松仁和盐。这些文件没有讨论普韦布洛人如何根据这些要求修改他们的狩猎，采集和耕作。两种可能性是显而易见的。一方面，缺乏时间和劳动力来从事农业以满足他们的需求可能导致普韦布洛人进一步依赖野生，收集饥荒食品。另一方面，时间和劳动力可能越来越集中在农业生产上，传统的采集做法受到限制。狩猎可能集中在大型游戏的隐藏，而不是更丰富的小游戏可在该地区。在西班牙传教之前和之后，对普韦布洛中存在的植物和动物遗骸的分析将使他们能够评估这些可能性。生活方式的变化对普韦布洛人健康的影响，然后将调查通过一个网站之一的人类骨骼遗骸的分析的合成。以前在美国东南部和平原地区的跨学科研究已经证明了显着的变化土著人对欧洲殖民化的反应。 然而，到目前为止，还没有研究美国西南部的生存和饮食的土著变化，这个项目提供了一个无与伦比的机会，进行这样的分析，并比较在不同的环境中，在不同的殖民条件下，在北美本土的反应。

With National Science Foundation support, Dr. Katherine Spielmann, her students, and colleagues will analyze large collections of animal bones and botanical materials from seven years of excavation at three pueblo sites in the Salinas area of central New Mexico. These sites were missionized by Spanish friars in the 1620s, and provide a unique opportunity to investigate how Pueblo populations modified their subsistence practices and diets in response to Spanish demands on their labor and resources. Spanish records document that tribute in the Salinas area was taken in corn and antelope hides, and that governors of the province required Pueblos to collect and transport pinyon nuts and salt. The documents do not discuss how Pueblo people modified their hunting, gathering, and farming in light of these demands. Two possibilities are evident. On the one hand, lack of time and labor to pursue agriculture sufficiently to meet their needs may have caused Pueblo peoples to rely further on wild, collected famine foods. On the other hand, time and labor may have been increasingly focused on agricultural production, with traditional gathering practices curtailed. Hunting may have focused on large game for their hides, rather than the more abundant small game available in the area. Analyses of the kinds of plant and animal remains present in Pueblo middens before and after Spanish missionization will allow them to evaluate these possibilities. The impact of subsistence changes on Pueblo health will then be investigated through a synthesis of a number of analyses of human skeletal remains from one of the sites.Previous interdisciplinary research in the southeastern and Plains areas of the United States has demonstrated marked variability in indigenous responses to European colonization. Thus far, however, indigenous changes in subsistence and diet have not been studied for the southwestern U.S. This project provides an unparalleled opportunity to undertake such an analysis, and to compare native responses in different environments and under different conditions of colonization across North America.