Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Evaluating the Development of Social Differentiation in the Pueblo World: Identity and Inequality in Salinas, New Mexico in the A.D. 1200s

在凯瑟琳斯皮尔曼博士的监督下，马修张伯伦将分析他在新墨西哥州萨利纳斯普韦布洛区考古调查期间收集的数据。萨利纳斯地区之所以引起人们极大的兴趣，是因为大型的、有核的普韦布洛定居点展示了社会宗教等级制度和多层次的社会身份--包括村庄和村庄群--出现在公元14世纪，并一直持续到公元17世纪末被遗弃，在西班牙人接触后的世纪。然而，在萨利纳斯成核之前的两个沉降阶段，即公元1100年代的分散阶段和公元1200年代的初始聚集阶段，实际上仍然未知。从分散到聚集定居的过渡是研究小规模社会中社会不平等和身份发展的人类学家非常关注的问题。该项目提供了一个独特的机会，以评估是否在萨利纳斯社会不平等和社会身份的多层次存在于分散的定居点，出现后聚集，或仅限于有核的社会环境公元1300年代。Chamberlin先生的调查收集了与过去特定活动相关的陶瓷和景观数据-贸易，仪式和陶瓷生产-将用于评估分散和聚集定居点之间的身份和不平等的性质。具体分析将包括：（1）在长、短途贸易中获得的装饰陶瓷的化学来源，以确定定居点是否在来源的多样性和贸易关系的强度方面存在差异;（2）对仪式特征和定居点的物理特征和空间关系进行比较和定量分析，以确定定居点是否在仪式的规模和精心制作方面存在差异;（3）分析当地陶瓷生产，以确定定居点是否具有不同的社会习得的技术风格。通过这些分析，将有可能概述社会特征和不平等在时间和空间上的发展，并追踪它们与聚合过程的关系。 除了这些科学研究问题之外，该项目还将广泛地促进公众对考古学和历史的理解。该项目与附近萨利纳斯普韦布洛任务国家纪念碑的国家历史保护官员和国家公园服务考古学家建立了密切的关系。通过提供关于纪念碑中主要村庄居住者历史的新信息，该项目将帮助这些组织评估和公开解释萨利纳斯的文化资源。此外，一个详细介绍该项目目标和初步结果的网站已经上线，将提高该项目在公众中的知名度。在专业期刊上发表项目成果和进行介绍将把这些成果传达给科学界。该项目还有助于保护宝贵的公共资源。对普韦布洛人祖先遗址的掠夺是项目地区的一个主要问题。这项调查收集了对了解普韦布洛历史这一消失部分至关重要的信息，对保护官员努力清点该地区的文化资源至关重要。为此，该项目提供了萨利纳斯一部分广泛文化资源的第一份详细的遗址级记录。最后，该项目继续与来自多所大学的学生和教师建立关系。包括作者在内的一些本科生和研究生志愿者将接受项目过程中使用的一系列科学方法的实践培训。

Under the supervision of Dr. Katherine Spielmann, Matthew Chamberlin will analyze data collected during his archaeological survey in the Salinas Pueblo District of New Mexico. The Salinas region is of great interest because large, nucleated Pueblo settlements exhibiting socio-religious hierarchies and social identities defined at multiple scales-including both the village and the village cluster-appeared in the A.D. 1300s and persisted until abandonment in the late A.D. 1600s, over a century after Spanish contact. However, two phases of settlement prior to nucleation in Salinas, a dispersed phase in the A.D. 1100s and an initial aggregated phase in the A.D. 1200s, remain virtually unknown. The transition from dispersed to aggregated settlement is of great concern to anthropologists studying the development of social inequality and identity in small-scale societies. This project provides a unique opportunity to evaluate whether social inequality and multiple levels of social identity in Salinas are present in dispersed settlements, appear after aggregation, or are limited to the nucleated social environment of the A.D. 1300s. Mr. Chamberlin's survey has gathered ceramic and landscape data associated with specific activities in the past-trade, ritual, and ceramic production-that will be used to evaluate the nature of identity and inequality among both dispersed and aggregated settlements. Specific analyses will include (1) chemical sourcing of decorated ceramics obtained in long- and short-distance trade to determine whether settlements differ in the diversity of sources and the intensity of trade relationships, (2) comparative and quantitative analyses of the physical characteristics and spatial relationships of ritual features and settlements to determine whether settlements differ in the scale and elaboration of ritual, and (3) analysis of local ceramic production to determine whether settlements possess different socially-learned technological styles. Through these analyses, it will be possible to outline the development of social identities and inequalities through time and across space and trace their relationship to the process of aggregation. In addition to these scientific research questions, this project will contribute broadly to the public understanding of archaeology and history. The project has built close relationships with State Historic Preservation officials and National Park Service archaeologists at the nearby Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument. By providing new information on the history of the occupants of the major pueblos in the Monument, this project will aid these organizations in their evaluation and public interpretation of Salinas cultural resources. Furthermore, a website detailing the goals and initial findings of the project is on line and will increase the public visibility of the project. Publication of project results in professional journals and presentations will communicate these results to the scientific community. This project also contributes to the preservation of a valuable public resource. Looting of ancestral Pueblo sites is a major problem in the project area. This survey has gathered information critical to understanding this disappearing part of Pueblo history, and vital to preservation officials endeavoring to inventory the region's cultural resources. To this end, this project provides the first detailed, site-level record of the extensive cultural resources in one part of Salinas. Lastly, this project continues to build relationships with students and faculty from multiple universities. A number of undergraduate and graduate student volunteers, including the author, will receive hands-on training in a range of scientific methods used in the course of the project.