Doctoral Dissertation Research: Household Economies: The Role of Animals in a Historic Period Chiefdom in Coastal California

在本论文项目中，安娜·诺亚（加州大学洛杉矶分校）将分析来自丘马什岛家庭的大量动物考古收藏品。 这些数据是由Jeanne Arnold教授1995-1997年NSF支持的圣克鲁斯岛家庭考古研究恢复的。 除了分别位于西北海岸和高原地区的两个地点外，没有其他项目产生了如此大的、未受干扰的代表着被非法占用的复杂狩猎采集家庭的收藏品。 发掘出的沉积物可追溯到1782年至1820年左右的加州西班牙时期，并与底层晚期沉积物表现出实质性的文化连续性。 这些数据来自三个专门生产珠子的村庄的平民住宅，以及一个在民族史上被称为主要贸易港口和精英血统所在地的村庄的精英住宅。 该港口遗址还包含了一个密集的动物遗骸和文物层，可能代表了精英结构被遗弃后的盛宴垃圾。诺亚将从代表四个村庄的九个丘马什家庭中确定大约35，000个鱼类，哺乳动物和鸟类骨骼以及动物采购工具。加州大学洛杉矶分校动物考古学实验室将确定另外25,000块骨头。由于样本分为9个住户和几个阶层，大样本量对可靠的统计结果至关重要。五分之四的动物群是鱼骨，代表多达100个物种，使识别非常耗时。一个工读学生将协助贝类分析，比较精英家庭和假设的盛宴阶层。事实上，这些数据是provenienced到个别房屋允许的问题得到解决，通常只能提出与墓地数据，然后只有不完全。 通过比较家庭，研究将探讨如何在一个简单的酋长领地的政治和经济制度是在获取和分配动物食品方面的整合。它将确定以生计为导向的职业专门化的程度和地位，重点是渔业和海洋哺乳动物狩猎。 将探讨如何在丘马什社会内进行食物分配，包括精英供应的可能性。 使用动物产品，如肉，脂肪，毛皮在定义状态将通过寻找证据，在获得这些项目的地位相关的差异确定。 在这种受到殖民统治威胁的简单酋长社会中，宴会的性质将通过确定所使用的食物类型，它们是如何获得和准备的，以及与食物残留物一起存放的其他文物来进行调查。该项目提供了一个独特的机会来研究生计专业化，对地位动物的不同获取，以及依赖于捕鱼，狩猎，和聚集。 只有在家庭构成非常不同的西北地区，类似的主题得到了系统的讨论，为比较分析提供了重要的数据。这项研究将填补我们对职业专业化发展和精英逐渐从平民中分化出来的进化过程的理解中的空白。研究结果将提供给Chumash社区，为这些直系后代提供有关其祖先生活的重要新信息。

In this dissertation project, Anna Noah (UCLA) will analyze large zooarchaeological collections from Island Chumash households. The data were recovered by Professor Jeanne Arnold's 1995-1997 NSF-supported Santa Cruz Island household archaeological research. With the exception of two sites in the Northwest Coast and Plateau regions, respectively, no other project has produced such a large and undisturbed collection representing simultaneously-occupied complex hunter-gatherer households. The excavated deposits date to California's Spanish period between 1782 and about 1820 and exhibit substantial cultural continuity with underlying Late period deposits. The data derive from commoner houses at three specialized bead-manufacturing villages and from an elite house within a village known ethnohistorically to have been a major trading port and home to an elite lineage. The port site also contains a dense stratum of animal remains and artifacts that may represent refuse from a feast that followed abandonment of the elite structure.Noah will identify approximately 35,000 fish, mammal, and bird bones and animal procurement tools from nine Chumash households representing the four villages. The UCLA Zooarchaeology Laboratory will identify another 25,000 bones. Because the sample is divided among nine households and several strata, the large sample size is crucial for reliable statistical results. Four-fifths of the faunal assemblage is fish bones, representing up to 100 species, making identification very time-consuming. A work-study student will assist with shellfish analysis, comparing the elite household and hypothesized feast strata. The fact that these data are provenienced to individual houses allows questions to be addressed that normally can be broached only with cemetery data and then only incompletely. By comparing households, the research will examine how the political and economic systems in a simple chiefdom were integrated in terms of acquiring and distributing animal food products. It will determine the extent and status of subsistence-oriented occupational specialization, focusing on fishing and sea mammal hunting. How food distribution was carried out within Chumash society, including the possibility of elite provisioning, will be explored. The use of animal products such as meat, fat, and furs in defining status will be ascertained by seeking evidence for status-related differences in access to these items. The nature of feasting in this kind of simple chiefdom society, actively threatened by colonial domination, will be investigated by determining the types of foods employed, how they were acquired and prepared, and what other artifacts were deposited with the food remains.This project offers a singular opportunity to study subsistence specialization, differential access to status animals, and feasting in a simple chiefdom reliant on fishing, hunting, and gathering. Only in the Northwest, where households were constituted very differently, have similar topics been systematically addressed, providing important data for comparative analysis. The research will fill a gap in our understanding of the evolutionary processes by which occupational specialization develops and elites become progressively differentiated from commoners. The study results will be available to the Chumash community, providing significant new information to these direct descendants about the lives of their ancestors.