Doctoral Dissertation Research: Household Economies: The Role of Animals in a Historic Period Chiefdom in Coastal California

在这篇论文中，加州大学洛杉矶分校的安娜·诺亚将分析来自朱马什岛家庭的大量动物考古收藏品。这些数据是珍妮·阿诺德教授1995-1997年间由美国国家科学基金会资助的圣克鲁斯岛家庭考古研究项目恢复的。除了分别位于西北海岸和高原地区的两个地点外，没有其他项目产生了代表同时居住的复杂狩猎-采集家庭的如此庞大且未受干扰的收集地。挖掘出的矿藏可以追溯到1782年至1820年左右的加利福尼亚州西班牙时期，并显示出与潜在晚期矿藏的实质性文化连续性。这些数据来自三个专门制造珠子的村庄的平民住宅，以及一个村庄内的精英住宅，这个村庄在民族历史上被认为是一个主要的贸易港口，是一个精英血统的家园。港口遗址还有一层密集的动物遗骸和文物，可能是废弃精英建筑后盛宴上的垃圾。诺亚将从代表四个村庄的九个楚马什家庭鉴定大约3.5万具鱼、哺乳动物和鸟类的骨骼和动物采购工具。加州大学洛杉矶分校动物考古实验室将再鉴定25,000具骨骼。由于样本分布在九个家庭和几个阶层，因此大样本规模对于可靠的统计结果至关重要。五分之四的动物群组合是鱼骨，代表了多达100个物种，这使得识别非常耗时。一名勤工俭学的学生将帮助进行贝类分析，比较精英家庭和假想的宴席阶层。这些数据被证实为个别房屋的事实，使得通常只能通过墓地数据才能提出的问题得以解决，然后才能不完全解决。通过比较家庭，这项研究将考察一个简单的酋长王国的政治和经济制度是如何在获取和分配动物食品方面整合在一起的。它将确定以自给自足为导向的职业专业化的程度和地位，重点是捕鱼和海洋哺乳动物狩猎。将探讨如何在楚马什社会内进行粮食分配，包括精英供应的可能性。使用肉类、脂肪和毛皮等动物产品来界定身份，将通过寻找与身份有关的获取这些物品的差异的证据来确定。在这种受到殖民统治威胁的简单酋长社会中，宴会的性质将通过确定所使用的食物的类型、它们是如何获得和准备的、以及哪些其他文物被存放在食物剩余中来进行调查。这个项目提供了一个独特的机会来研究生存专门化、区别地获得地位动物的机会，以及在一个依赖捕鱼、狩猎和采集的简单酋长社会中的宴会。只有在家庭构成非常不同的西北地区，类似的主题才被系统地讨论，为比较分析提供了重要的数据。这项研究将填补我们对职业专业化发展和精英与普通人逐渐区分的演变过程的理解空白。研究结果将提供给丘马什社区，为这些直系后代提供关于他们祖先生活的重要新信息。

In this dissertation project, Anna Noah (UCLA) will analyze large zooarchaeological collections from Island Chumash households. The data were recovered by Professor Jeanne Arnold's 1995-1997 NSF-supported Santa Cruz Island household archaeological research. With the exception of two sites in the Northwest Coast and Plateau regions, respectively, no other project has produced such a large and undisturbed collection representing simultaneously-occupied complex hunter-gatherer households. The excavated deposits date to California's Spanish period between 1782 and about 1820 and exhibit substantial cultural continuity with underlying Late period deposits. The data derive from commoner houses at three specialized bead-manufacturing villages and from an elite house within a village known ethnohistorically to have been a major trading port and home to an elite lineage. The port site also contains a dense stratum of animal remains and artifacts that may represent refuse from a feast that followed abandonment of the elite structure.Noah will identify approximately 35,000 fish, mammal, and bird bones and animal procurement tools from nine Chumash households representing the four villages. The UCLA Zooarchaeology Laboratory will identify another 25,000 bones. Because the sample is divided among nine households and several strata, the large sample size is crucial for reliable statistical results. Four-fifths of the faunal assemblage is fish bones, representing up to 100 species, making identification very time-consuming. A work-study student will assist with shellfish analysis, comparing the elite household and hypothesized feast strata. The fact that these data are provenienced to individual houses allows questions to be addressed that normally can be broached only with cemetery data and then only incompletely. By comparing households, the research will examine how the political and economic systems in a simple chiefdom were integrated in terms of acquiring and distributing animal food products. It will determine the extent and status of subsistence-oriented occupational specialization, focusing on fishing and sea mammal hunting. How food distribution was carried out within Chumash society, including the possibility of elite provisioning, will be explored. The use of animal products such as meat, fat, and furs in defining status will be ascertained by seeking evidence for status-related differences in access to these items. The nature of feasting in this kind of simple chiefdom society, actively threatened by colonial domination, will be investigated by determining the types of foods employed, how they were acquired and prepared, and what other artifacts were deposited with the food remains.This project offers a singular opportunity to study subsistence specialization, differential access to status animals, and feasting in a simple chiefdom reliant on fishing, hunting, and gathering. Only in the Northwest, where households were constituted very differently, have similar topics been systematically addressed, providing important data for comparative analysis. The research will fill a gap in our understanding of the evolutionary processes by which occupational specialization develops and elites become progressively differentiated from commoners. The study results will be available to the Chumash community, providing significant new information to these direct descendants about the lives of their ancestors.