Doctoral Dissertation Research: Household Economies: The Role of Animals in a Historic Period Chiefdom in Coastal California

在这个论文项目中，Anna Noah （UCLA）将分析来自Chumash岛家庭的大型动物考古收藏品。这些数据是由珍妮·阿诺德教授在1995-1997年由美国国家科学基金会资助的圣克鲁斯岛家庭考古研究中恢复的。除了分别位于西北海岸和高原地区的两个地点外，没有其他项目产生过如此庞大且不受干扰的集合，代表了同时居住的复杂狩猎采集者家庭。出土的沉积物可追溯到1782年至1820年之间的加利福尼亚西班牙时期，并与潜在的晚期沉积物表现出实质性的文化连续性。这些数据来自三个专业制珠村的平民房屋，以及一个在民族历史上被认为是主要贸易港口和精英血统家园的村庄中的一所精英房屋。港口遗址还包含了密集的动物遗骸和人工制品，可能代表了精英结构被遗弃后盛宴的垃圾。诺亚将从代表四个村庄的九个丘马什家庭中鉴定大约35,000块鱼、哺乳动物和鸟类的骨头以及动物采购工具。加州大学洛杉矶分校动物考古实验室将鉴定另外25000块骨头。由于样本分为九个家庭和几个阶层，因此大样本量对于可靠的统计结果至关重要。五分之四的动物组合是鱼骨，代表了多达100个物种，这使得识别非常耗时。勤工俭学的学生将协助贝类分析，比较精英家庭和假设的盛宴阶层。这些数据来自于单个房屋，这一事实使得通常只能通过墓地数据来解决的问题得以解决，而且还不完整。通过对家庭的比较，该研究将考察一个简单酋长国的政治和经济制度是如何在获取和分配动物食品方面整合起来的。它将确定以生存为导向的职业专业化的程度和地位，重点是捕鱼和海洋哺乳动物狩猎。在楚马什社会中，食物分配是如何进行的，包括精英供应的可能性，将被探索。使用动物产品（如肉、脂肪和毛皮）来定义身份，将通过寻找证据来确定在获取这些物品时与身份相关的差异。在这种受到殖民统治积极威胁的简单酋长社会中，宴会的性质将通过确定所使用的食物类型，如何获得和准备，以及与食物残留物一起沉积的其他人工制品来调查。该项目提供了一个独特的机会来研究生存专业化、对有地位的动物的不同获取途径，以及在一个依赖捕鱼、狩猎和采集的简单酋长部落中享用大餐。只有在家庭构成非常不同的西北地区，才系统地讨论了类似的主题，为比较分析提供了重要的数据。该研究将填补我们对职业专业化发展和精英与平民逐渐分化的进化过程的理解空白。研究结果将提供给丘马什社区，为这些直系后裔提供关于他们祖先生活的重要新信息。

In this dissertation project, Anna Noah (UCLA) will analyze large zooarchaeological collections from Island Chumash households. The data were recovered by Professor Jeanne Arnold's 1995-1997 NSF-supported Santa Cruz Island household archaeological research. With the exception of two sites in the Northwest Coast and Plateau regions, respectively, no other project has produced such a large and undisturbed collection representing simultaneously-occupied complex hunter-gatherer households. The excavated deposits date to California's Spanish period between 1782 and about 1820 and exhibit substantial cultural continuity with underlying Late period deposits. The data derive from commoner houses at three specialized bead-manufacturing villages and from an elite house within a village known ethnohistorically to have been a major trading port and home to an elite lineage. The port site also contains a dense stratum of animal remains and artifacts that may represent refuse from a feast that followed abandonment of the elite structure.Noah will identify approximately 35,000 fish, mammal, and bird bones and animal procurement tools from nine Chumash households representing the four villages. The UCLA Zooarchaeology Laboratory will identify another 25,000 bones. Because the sample is divided among nine households and several strata, the large sample size is crucial for reliable statistical results. Four-fifths of the faunal assemblage is fish bones, representing up to 100 species, making identification very time-consuming. A work-study student will assist with shellfish analysis, comparing the elite household and hypothesized feast strata. The fact that these data are provenienced to individual houses allows questions to be addressed that normally can be broached only with cemetery data and then only incompletely. By comparing households, the research will examine how the political and economic systems in a simple chiefdom were integrated in terms of acquiring and distributing animal food products. It will determine the extent and status of subsistence-oriented occupational specialization, focusing on fishing and sea mammal hunting. How food distribution was carried out within Chumash society, including the possibility of elite provisioning, will be explored. The use of animal products such as meat, fat, and furs in defining status will be ascertained by seeking evidence for status-related differences in access to these items. The nature of feasting in this kind of simple chiefdom society, actively threatened by colonial domination, will be investigated by determining the types of foods employed, how they were acquired and prepared, and what other artifacts were deposited with the food remains.This project offers a singular opportunity to study subsistence specialization, differential access to status animals, and feasting in a simple chiefdom reliant on fishing, hunting, and gathering. Only in the Northwest, where households were constituted very differently, have similar topics been systematically addressed, providing important data for comparative analysis. The research will fill a gap in our understanding of the evolutionary processes by which occupational specialization develops and elites become progressively differentiated from commoners. The study results will be available to the Chumash community, providing significant new information to these direct descendants about the lives of their ancestors.