Doctoral Dissertation Research: Hunter-Gatherer Household and Village Organization at the Katz Site (DiRj1), British Columbia

在珍妮·阿诺德博士的监督下，迈克尔·莱纳特将对不列颠哥伦比亚省弗雷泽河谷的一个有2000年历史的大型斯托罗村——卡茨遗址——进行调查。本研究探讨了狩猎采集者家庭和村庄组织的长期变化。卡茨村遗址包括山谷中最早的一些村庄家庭。通过研究几个房屋地板上的石质文物和壁炉的空间分布，人们可以确定在一系列房屋中发生特定活动的地方，并开始重现这些古老的坑屋中生活的变化。Lenert将深入检查三层房屋，并从其他七所房屋收集较小的样本。作为该地区最早的社区之一，卡茨的研究可以帮助揭示大村庄如何以及为什么首先出现在这类社会中。所收集的数据将有助于更全面地理解重要的区域和更广泛的人类学问题，这些问题涉及(1)随着时间的推移，人类如何安排他们的努力，并将其划分为更小的任务小组，以获得越来越受到时间和空间限制的资源，(2)多家庭家庭和资源所有权的发展，以及(3)可能出现的阶级差异。更大的西北海岸地区的考古和人种学数据表明，存在一系列沿海和岛屿社会，其政治制度被最好地描述为世界上最“复杂”的狩猎采集社会。古代卡茨社区在多大程度上分享了这种政治阐述尚不清楚。利用基于家庭的数据，卡茨村调查将有助于定义和解释这个早期社区的政治和经济组织。除了解决定居狩猎采集社会出现时可能出现的政治变化问题外，这项工作还将增强我们对早期村庄家庭和社区生活的总体理解。应该有可能看到是否所有家庭都从事同样的经济任务，或者是否有些家庭是专业化的，可能负责诸如捕鱼或狩猎之类的活动，或者生产特定种类的劳动密集型工具。这项研究还将为山谷社区之间的贸易和交流提供新的见解。卡茨研究的广泛影响是众多的，并扩展到20多名本科实地学校学生和Chawathil Sto:lo（第一民族）社区的培训，以及在所有实地工作期间与更大的Sto:lo国家的日常和持续的信息共享。作为该项目的一部分，实地学校和Chawathil Band的参与者接受了实地考古方法的广泛培训。在卡茨对Chawathil部落成员进行考古培训将使他们能够参与在Sto:lo地区进行的后续项目。该项目的成果将以各种形式分发，包括Lenert的论文、会议演讲、评审期刊出版物、当地社区聚会的演讲以及在Chawathil Band办公室举行的会议。

Under the supervision of Dr. Jeanne Arnold, Michael Lenert will conduct an investigation of a large, 2000-year-old Sto:lo village, the Katz Site, in the Fraser River Valley, British Columbia. This study explores long-term changes in hunter-gatherer household and village organization. The Katz village site includes some of the earliest village households in the valley. By studying spatial distributions of stone artifacts and hearth and posthole features on several house floors, one can identify where particular activities occurred in a range of houses and begin to recreate how life varied across these ancient pithouses. Lenert will examine three house floors in depth and will collect smaller samples from seven other houses. As one of the earliest communities in the region, research at Katz can help unveil how and why big villages first appear in these kinds of societies. Data collected will contribute to a fuller understanding of important regional and broader anthropological issues involving (1) changes over time in how humans scheduled their efforts and divided into smaller task groups to obtain resources that were becoming increasingly constrained in time and space, (2) the development of multi-family households and resource ownership, and (3) possibly the emergence of class distinctions. Archaeological and ethnographic data for the greater Northwest Coast region suggest the presence of a series of coastal and island societies with political systems best described as among the world's most "complex" hunter-gatherer societies. The degree to which the ancient Katz community shared this political elaboration is unclear. Using household-based data, the Katz village investigation will help to define and explain the political and economic organization of this early community.In addition to addressing questions about political changes that may occur as largely sedentary hunter-gatherer societies emerge, this work will enhance our understanding of incipient village household and community life in general. It should be possible to see if all households conducted the same economic tasks or if some households were specialized, perhaps responsible for activities such as fishing or hunting or producing particular kinds of labor-intensive tools. The study will also provide new insights into trade and exchange among valley communities. Broader impacts of the Katz study are numerous and extend to the training of more than 20 undergraduate field school students and the Chawathil Sto:lo (First Nations) community, as well the daily and ongoing sharing of information with the greater Sto:lo Nation during all fieldwork. Field school and Chawathil Band participants have been trained extensively in archaeological field methods as part of this project. Archaeological training of Chawathil Band members at Katz will allow them to participate in subsequent projects conducted in Sto:lo territory. Results of this project will be distributed in various formats, including Lenert's dissertation, conference presentations, refereed journal publications, talks at local community gatherings, and meetings held at the Chawathil Band office.