Analysis of Gibberellin Signal Transduction Pathway in Arabidopsis

生物活性赤霉素（GAs）是一种重要的植物生长激素，能促进高等植物种子萌发、叶片膨大、茎伸长和花发育。 在60年代和70年代的“绿色革命”期间开发的小麦和水稻矮秆品种显著提高了粮食产量。 最近的研究表明，这些品种在其GA生产或GA反应的修改，说明GA在调节植物发育的重要作用，农业相关。GA信号通路被阻遏蛋白抑制。 生长和发育通过GA信号使这些阻遏蛋白失活而发生。 两个这样的阻遏物，RGA和GAI，已被确定在模式植物拟南芥。 具有保守功能的类似蛋白（RGA/GAI的同源物）也已在作物中分离，包括水稻、小麦、玉米、大麦和葡萄。 事实上，矮秆小麦栽培品种（绿色革命的一部分）在小麦中的RGA/GAI同源物（Rht）中携带特定突变。 因此，对拟南芥中RGA/GAI蛋白和GA信号转导的研究可能对改善农作物品质产生广泛的影响。RGA和GAI的氨基酸序列有80%以上的同源性，在拟南芥中具有部分冗余的GA信号抑制功能。 RGA和GAI的主要作用是抑制GA刺激的茎生长、叶片展开和成花诱导。 然而，它们不控制种子萌发和花的发育，这表明额外的阻遏物必须调节这些过程。 通过DNA序列比较鉴定了三个拟南芥候选基因RGL 1、RGL 2和RGL 3（用于RGA-LIKE）。 为了确定哪些RGL基因在调节花发育中起主要作用，将表征这些基因缺陷的突变体的表型。 GA通过引起RGA蛋白的降解来解除其信号传导途径的抑制。 RGL基因的表达模式和响应GA的RGL蛋白的稳定性将被检查，以阐明RGL调节GA信号的分子机制。 RGA/GAI蛋白被认为抑制GA反应途径中下游基因的表达。 为了鉴定RGA和GAI的靶基因，将采用新的基因芯片技术来调查GA处理后整个拟南芥基因组的表达谱的改变以及RGA和/或GAI基因的突变。 GA反应基因和RGA/GAI靶点的鉴定将有助于深入研究GA信号转导途径。 由于RGA/GAI的同源物在植物中高度保守，因此从该项目中获得的知识也将促进未来操纵作物的策略。

Bioactive gibberellins (GAs) are important plant growth hormones that promote seed germination, leaf expansion, stem elongation and flower development in higher plants. The dwarf cultivars of wheat and rice developed during the 'Green Revolution' in the 60s and 70s remarkably increased grain yields. Recent studies revealed that these cultivars are modified in their GA production or GA response, illustrating the important role of GA in regulating plant development relevant to agriculture. The GA signaling pathway is inhibited by repressor proteins. Growth and development occur through inactivation of these repressor proteins by the GA signal. Two such repressors, RGA and GAI, have been identified in the model plant Arabidopsis. Similar proteins (homologs of RGA/GAI) with conserved function have also been isolated in crops, including rice, wheat, corn, barley and grape. In fact, the dwarf wheat cultivars (part of the Green Revolution) carry specific mutations in the RGA/GAI homolog in wheat (Rht). Therefore, studies on RGA/GAI proteins and GA signaling in Arabidopsis may have a broad impact in improving the quality of agricultural crops. The amino acid sequences of RGA and GAI are over 80% identical, and they have partially redundant function in repressing GA signaling in Arabidopsis. The major role of RGA and GAI is to inhibit GA-stimulated stem growth, leaf expansion and floral induction. However, they do not control seed germination and flower development, suggesting that additional repressors must modulate these processes. Three candidate Arabidopsis genes RGL1, RGL2 and RGL3 (for RGA-LIKE) were identified by DNA sequence comparison. To determine which RGL gene(s) play a major role in modulating flower development, the phenotypes of mutants that are defective in these genes will be characterized. GA de-represses its signaling pathway by causing degradation of the RGA protein. Expression patterns of RGL genes and the RGL protein stability in response to GA will be examined to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which RGLs modulates GA signaling. RGA/GAI proteins are thought to repress expression of downstream genes in the GA response pathway. To identify the target genes of RGA and GAI, the new GeneChip technique will be employed to survey alterations in expression profiles of the whole Arabidopsis genome after GA treatment and by mutations in RGA and/or GAI genes. Identification of GA-response genes and RGA/GAI targets will help to dissect GA signal transduction pathway. Because the homologs of RGA/GAI are highly conserved in plants, the knowledge gained from this project will also facilitate strategies in future manipulation of crops.