Reducing Eyewitness Identification Errors: Procedural Strategies

减少目击者识别错误：程序策略

• 批准号: 0319801
• 负责人: Steven Penrod
• 金额: $ 29.84万
• 依托单位: CUNY John Jay College of Criminal Justice
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2003
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2003-07-15 至 2006-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0319801&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Reducing; Eyewitness; Identification; Errors; Procedural

Eyewitness researchers have recently started examining the impact on eyewitness accuracy of a variety of alternative lineup and photo-array procedures that might be employed by the police. One major procedural innovation is the sequential array. Instead of being presented all at one time-the traditional simultaneous method--the sequential method presents lineup/array members one at a time and requires witnesses to identify or reject each individual. It is clear that sequential procedures can appreciably reduce mistaken identifications (at the cost of some lost correct identifications) and there are indications that the reason for the improvement is a change in the decision-making strategies employed by witnesses (a shift from a relative process in which simultaneous faces are compared to one another) to an absolute process in which array members are compared with memory for the perpetrator. However, existing research on these processes simply does not resolve the theoretical question of whether the salutary effects of sequential procedures are realized in part or wholly through simple shifts in decision criteria produced by changes in procedure or are exclusively the result of actual (and/or reported) changes in decision strategies. Because existing research does not answer the process question authoritatively, we do not know answers to the following questions-the targets of the research: 1. Effects of Instructions. Can the substantial reductions in false identifications (but smaller loss in correct identifications) achieved with sequential procedures (which draw objections from practitioners- particularly prosecutors) be achieved with simple caution-inducing or decisionmaking instructions? 2. Lineup Size. How much does lineup size matter with respect, particularly, to sequential procedures. Can lineup instructions offset any size effects? 3. Knowledge of Lineup Size. Does knowledge of the number of faces to be viewed sequentially affect performance and are such effects reduced with larger arrays or alternative instructions? 4. Position Effects. Are there (substantial) position effects in simultaneous procedures that might weigh against the procedure-or weigh in favor of placing suspects relatively early in a sequence? 5. Reviewing. How much do stopping rules-whether witnesses are permitted to "go back" and reexamine faces if they do not (or do) make a selection on the first pass affect performance? 6. Multiple Choices. Should witnesses should be permitted to make multiple choices from sequential lineups? Do instructions affect the patterns of multiple choices? 7. Blindness. Do multiple selection or re-examination procedures make sequential lineups even more vulnerable to non-blind presentation biases (possible suggestion by police conducting the procedures)? Do instructions that the presenting officer does not know who the suspect is reduce non-blind effects? The intellectual merit of the proposal is in its potential to answer these crucial questions. The research has a broad impact on undergraduate teaching, the college, research participation by underrepresented groups, the research community, and on society. The project is designed to involve and provide instruction for students in both undergraduate and masters degree programs. Undergraduates and masters degree students will be involved as research assistants, with the specific goal of promoting interest and training in research and interest in post-graduate education. Research results will be used to promote discussion of research in the classroom (of particular relevance at a criminal justice college). The data will be made available for training in research methods and statistics. Underrepresented groups will be involved in the entire process, as John Jay has a diverse student body (60% minority students) and both participants and research assistants will be sought in the student body. The existence of the project will benefit the College by increasing its involvement in research--a major goal of the administration. The research results will be broadly disseminated in both the psychological and legal communities. Conference presentations will be made at interdisciplinary conferences and those conferences targeting legal policy makers. Results will be published in both academic journals for access by psychologists and in law reviews for access by the legal community. Data will be made available to other researchers and interested parties. Additionally, data and results will be used to provide instruction on research methods, statistics, psychology, and law in the classroom. The results have the potential to benefit society as a whole because they could highlight areas of improvement in legal practice. The proposal is based on the premise that current legal practices have been created in the absence of empirical data-which will be supplied by the studies-and may be improved significantly.

目击者研究人员最近开始研究警方可能采用的各种替代性列队和照片阵列程序对目击者准确性的影响。一个主要的程序创新是顺序数组。与传统的同时法不同，顺序法一次只呈现一个列队/阵列成员，并要求证人识别或拒绝每个人。很明显，顺序程序可以明显减少错误的识别（以损失一些正确的识别为代价），有迹象表明，改善的原因是证人所采用的决策策略的变化（从一个相对的过程中，同时面对彼此进行比较）到一个绝对的过程中，阵列成员与犯罪者的记忆进行比较。然而，现有的研究，这些过程根本没有解决的理论问题，是否有益的影响，顺序程序实现部分或全部通过简单的变化，在决策标准产生的程序或完全是实际的（和/或报告）的结果，在决策策略的变化。由于现有的研究没有回答作者提出的过程性问题，因此我们无法回答以下问题--研究的目标：1。指示的效果。能否通过简单的警示或决策指示，实现通过顺序程序（引起从业人员-特别是检察官的反对）大幅度减少错误指认（但减少正确指认的损失）？2.阵容大小。阵容大小对顺序手术有多大影响？阵容说明可以抵消任何规模效应吗？3.了解阵容规模。要顺序查看的面孔数量的知识是否会影响性能，并且这种影响是否会随着较大的数组或替代指令而减少？4.位置效应。在同时进行的程序中，是否存在（实质性的）位置效应，可能会对程序产生不利影响，或者有利于在一个序列中相对较早地放置嫌疑人？5.复习。如果证人在第一次通过时没有（或确实）做出选择，那么是否允许证人“回去”并重新检查面孔的停止规则对表现有多大影响？6.多种选择。是否应允许证人从顺序排列的证人中作出多种选择？说明会影响多项选择的模式吗？7.失明多重选择或重新检查程序是否使顺序排队更容易受到非盲介绍偏见（可能是警察进行程序的建议）？是否指示提出的官员不知道谁是嫌疑人减少非盲效应？该提案的学术价值在于它有可能回答这些关键问题。这项研究对本科教学，大学，研究参与代表性不足的群体，研究界和社会产生了广泛的影响。该项目旨在为本科和硕士学位课程的学生提供指导。本科生和硕士生将作为研究助理参与，具体目标是促进研究兴趣和研究培训以及研究生教育兴趣。研究结果将用于促进课堂上对研究的讨论（在刑事司法学院尤其重要）。这些数据将用于研究方法和统计方面的培训。代表性不足的群体将参与整个过程，因为约翰杰伊有一个多元化的学生团体（60%的少数民族学生），参与者和研究助理将在学生团体中寻找。该项目的存在将使学院受益，因为它将更多地参与研究----这是行政部门的一个主要目标。研究结果将在心理和法律的界广泛传播。将在跨学科会议和以法律的决策者为对象的会议上作会议发言。研究结果将发表在学术期刊上供心理学家查阅，并发表在法律评论上供法律的界查阅。数据将提供给其他研究人员和有关各方。此外，数据和结果将用于在课堂上提供研究方法，统计，心理学和法律方面的指导。研究结果有可能使整个社会受益，因为它们可以突出法律的实践中有待改进的领域。该建议是基于这样一个前提，即当前的法律的实践是在缺乏经验数据的情况下创建的，这些数据将由研究提供，并且可能会得到显着改善。