EITM: Behavior Patterns, Bystanders, and Performance Expectations

SES-0351020-WebsterLisa RashotteJoseph Whitmeyer北卡罗来纳州大学，夏洛特该项目计划开发、评估和改进理论模型，解释某些类型的行为对小群体中不平等结构的影响。虽然社会科学家早就认识到行为在影响对能力的印象方面的重要性，但这些模型是第一个能够对这些影响进行准确预测，并将这些影响与其他不平等来源相结合的模型，比如个人之间的地位差异。根据状态特征、业绩预期和群体结构的良好传统开发的各种模型将在实验室环境中构建和测试，以实现对初始情况的高度控制和对预测结果的良好可见性。该项目的理论成果将是加深对小群体中不平等的原因和后果的理解，以及改进面对面行为的模式。这项理论工作增加了自20世纪60年代以来由不同大学的许多研究人员积累的关于地位和行为的知识体系。这项实证工作开发了新的技术来创造理论上有意义的行为和观察效果，并将理论扩展建立在坚实的证据基础上。更广泛的影响：(1)对社会的好处：由于地位等级和地位行为无处不在，本研究促进了对影响大多数社会群体的因素的准确理解。PI旨在预测行为如何影响等级，并确定行为技术以削弱或加强地位优势和劣势的影响，例如性别和种族造成的影响。(2)广泛传播以增进对科学技术的了解：成果将酌情在学术期刊和非技术渠道发表。这些数据以及开发的操作程序将向其他研究人员和学生公开。(3)在促进教学、培训和学习的同时推进发现：研究生和本科生将参与建模过程的大部分部分，特别是开发实验设计、运行实验室研究、访谈和分析数据。结果、数据和实验设计将被纳入PIS课程和其他大学教授的课程，以及大学教科书的章节中。

SES - 0351020Murray WebsterLisa RashotteJoseph WhitmeyerUniversity of North Carolina, CharlotteThe project plans to develop, assess, and improve theoretical models that explain the effects of certain kinds of behaviors on inequality structures in small groups. While social scientists long have recognized the importance of behavior in affecting impressions of competence, these models are the first to permit precise predictions of those effects, and to integrate the effects with other sources of inequality such as status differences among individuals. Variant models, developed from a well-established tradition of status characteristics, performance expectations, and group structures, will be constructed and tested in laboratory situations designed to permit a high degree of control over initial situations and good visibility of predicted effects. The theoretical outcomes of the project will be increased understanding of causes and consequences of inequality in small groups, and improved models of face-to-face behavior. The theoretical work adds to a cumulative body of knowledge regarding status and behavior developed by many investigators at different universities since the 1960s. The empirical work develops new techniques to create theoretically meaningful behavior and observe effects, and puts theoretical extensions on a sound evidential footing. Broader impacts: (1) Benefits to society: Because status hierarchies and status behaviors are ubiquitous, this research advances precise understanding of factors affecting most social groups. The PIs intend to predict how behaviors affect hierarchies, and to identify behavioral techniques for weakening or reinforcing effects of status advantages and disadvantages, such as those resulting from gender and ethnicity. (2) Broad dissemination to enhance scientific and technological understanding: Results will be published in academic journals and in non-technical outlets where appropriate. The data, as well as operational programs developed will be made publicly available to other researchers and students. (3) Advancing discovery while promoting teaching, training and learning: Graduate and undergraduate students will be involved in most parts of this modeling process, especially in developing the experimental designs, running of the laboratory studies, interviewing, and analyzing data. Results, data and experimental designs will be incorporated in the PIs courses and courses taught at other universities, as well as in chapters of college textbooks.