Austronesian societies: reading social structure from the genome

智力价值：近年来，基因数据可以为人类社会行为的各个方面提供证据，这一点已经变得明显。但到目前为止，关于这一主题的研究还很少。这种忽视的一个原因是，各种行为因素之间存在着非线性关系，这些因素可以影响亲属关系模式，如婚姻规则、移民、语言漂移和生产方式的历史变化。这个人类和社会动力学项目将试图系统地分析这些参数的相对大小，并评估它们的影响。虽然目前的大多数研究都集中在种群层面的遗传结构上，但这个项目将使用非编码遗传标记来研究社区内个人之间出现的关联模式。以前的研究结果表明，生产方式的改变(从部落园艺到灌溉水稻生产)在巴厘岛小社区的遗传模式中留下了明显的痕迹。该项目将在邻近人群中寻找可比的遗传特征。其目的是为了更好地了解影响人类群体之间联系模式的主要变量。第二个目标是探索关系模式是否与人们愿意与不同类别的人(如男性和女性，亲属和非亲属，群体内和群体之间)合作的意愿相关。通过这种方式，研究人员希望更好地了解人类社会结构的历史发展及其对社会性可能产生的后果。为了解决这些问题，该项目将从印度尼西亚和太平洋地区的社区收集DNA，这些社区拥有关于定居点年龄和相关性的良好考古数据，这些数据可用于检验基于遗传学的移民和人口历史假设。遗传数据的统计分析将得到计算机模拟的补充，因为标准的种群遗传学模型假设动态已经达到平衡，对于这里所关注的短时间跨度来说，这是一个不合理的假设。该项目基于SAIL代理的建模平台将得到增强，以探索影响遗传种群结构的行为参数的影响，特别是在100-10,000年的范围内，随着时间跨度的推移，相关模式是如何展开的。更广泛的影响：该项目将创造新的统计和计算分析工具，以微卫星提供的细粒度分辨率研究遗传种群结构。它还将提供一个计算框架，用于将遗传分析与语言进化模型相结合，并使所有这些工具都公开可用。这些工具将为人类学基本问题的实证研究开辟新的可能性。该项目的更广泛影响还将包括对本科生和研究生以及博士后研究员进行广泛的理论和实验技能培训。该项目将利用亚利桑那州现有的三个IGERT计划、圣达菲研究所REU暑期计划和少数族裔就业机会(MARC)计划，在实验室研究和暑期学校中识别和支持代表性不足的少数族裔。此外，一家领先的英国电影制片人将制作一段关于该项目的视频。

Intellectual merit:In recent years it has become evident that genetic data can provide evidence about aspects of human social behavior. But so far there have been few studies on this topic. One reason for this neglect is that there are nonlinear relationships among the various behavioral factors that can influence patterns of relatedness, such as marriage rules, migration, language drift and historical changes in modes of production. This Human and Social Dynamics project will attempt to systematically analyze the relative magnitude of these parameters and to assess their effects. While most current research focuses on genetic structure at the population level, this project will use non-coding genetic markers to study the emergence of patterns of relatedness among individuals within communities. Results from previous research show that a change in mode of production (from tribal horticulture to irrigated rice production) leaves clear traces in the genetic patterns of small Balinese communities. This project will look for comparable genetic signatures in neighboring populations. The aim is to gain a better understanding of the major variables that affect patterns of relatedness among human groups. A second goal is to explore whether patterns of relatedness are correlated with people's willingness to cooperate with various categories of persons (such as males and females, kin and nonkin, within and between groups). In this way the researchers hope to gain a better understanding of the historical development of human social structures and their possible consequences for sociality. To address these questions, the project will collect DNA from communities in Indonesia and the Pacific where good archaeological data on the age and relatedness of settlements exists which can be used to test assumptions about migrations and population histories based on genetics. Statistical analysis of the genetic data will be supplemented with computer simulations because standard population genetics models assume that the dynamics have reached equilibrium, an unwarrantable assumption for the short time spans of concern here. The project's SAIL agent-based modeling platform will be enhanced to explore the effects of behavioral parameters affecting genetic population structure, in particular the ways in which patterns of relatedness unfold over time spans in the range of 100-10,000 years. Broader impacts:This project will result in the creation of new analytical tools, both statistical and computational, to investigate genetic population structure at the fine-grained level of resolution provided by microsatellites. It will also provide a computational framework for integrating genetic analysis with models of language evolution, and make all of these tools publicly available. These tools will open new possibilities for the empirical study of fundamental anthropological questions. The broader impacts of the project will also include training for undergraduate and graduate students and post-doctoral fellows in a wide array of theoretical and experimental skills. The project will utilize three existing IGERT programs at Arizona, the Santa Fe Institute REU summer program, and the Minority Access to Research Careers (MARC) program to identify and support under-represented minorities in laboratory research and summer schools. In addition, a video about the project will be produced by a leading British film-maker.