Austronesian societies: reading social structure from the genome

智力优势：近年来，基因数据可以为人类社会行为的各个方面提供证据，这一点已经变得很明显。但到目前为止，关于这一主题的研究还很少。这种忽视的一个原因是，各种行为因素之间存在非线性关系，这些因素可以影响亲缘关系的模式，例如婚姻规则、移民、语言漂移和生产方式的历史变化。这个人类和社会动力学项目将试图系统地分析这些参数的相对大小，并评估它们的影响。虽然目前大多数研究集中在种群水平上的遗传结构，但该项目将使用非编码遗传标记来研究社区内个体之间亲缘关系模式的出现。先前的研究结果表明，生产方式的变化（从部落园艺到灌溉水稻生产）在巴厘岛小社区的遗传模式中留下了明显的痕迹。这个项目将在邻近人群中寻找类似的基因特征。其目的是为了更好地了解影响人类群体之间亲缘关系模式的主要变量。第二个目标是探索亲缘关系模式是否与人们与不同类型的人（如男性和女性、亲属和非亲属、群体内部和群体之间）合作的意愿相关。通过这种方式，研究人员希望更好地了解人类社会结构的历史发展及其对社会性的可能后果。为了解决这些问题，该项目将从印度尼西亚和太平洋地区的社区收集DNA，这些社区存在关于定居点年龄和相关性的良好考古数据，可用于测试基于遗传学的关于迁徙和人口历史的假设。对遗传数据的统计分析将辅以计算机模拟，因为标准的群体遗传学模型假设动力学已经达到平衡，这对于这里所关注的短时间跨度来说是一个不可靠的假设。该项目基于SAIL代理的建模平台将得到加强，以探索影响遗传种群结构的行为参数的影响，特别是在100-10,000年的时间跨度内，亲缘关系模式展开的方式。更广泛的影响：该项目将产生新的统计和计算分析工具，以便在微卫星提供的精细分辨率水平上调查遗传种群结构。它还将提供一个计算框架，将遗传分析与语言进化模型相结合，并使所有这些工具公开可用。这些工具将为基本人类学问题的实证研究开辟新的可能性。该项目更广泛的影响还将包括对本科生、研究生和博士后进行广泛的理论和实验技能培训。该项目将利用亚利桑那州现有的三个IGERT项目、圣菲研究所REU暑期项目和少数民族研究职业（MARC）项目，以确定和支持实验室研究和暑期学校中代表性不足的少数民族。此外，一个关于这个项目的视频将由英国著名的电影制作人制作。

Intellectual merit:In recent years it has become evident that genetic data can provide evidence about aspects of human social behavior. But so far there have been few studies on this topic. One reason for this neglect is that there are nonlinear relationships among the various behavioral factors that can influence patterns of relatedness, such as marriage rules, migration, language drift and historical changes in modes of production. This Human and Social Dynamics project will attempt to systematically analyze the relative magnitude of these parameters and to assess their effects. While most current research focuses on genetic structure at the population level, this project will use non-coding genetic markers to study the emergence of patterns of relatedness among individuals within communities. Results from previous research show that a change in mode of production (from tribal horticulture to irrigated rice production) leaves clear traces in the genetic patterns of small Balinese communities. This project will look for comparable genetic signatures in neighboring populations. The aim is to gain a better understanding of the major variables that affect patterns of relatedness among human groups. A second goal is to explore whether patterns of relatedness are correlated with people's willingness to cooperate with various categories of persons (such as males and females, kin and nonkin, within and between groups). In this way the researchers hope to gain a better understanding of the historical development of human social structures and their possible consequences for sociality. To address these questions, the project will collect DNA from communities in Indonesia and the Pacific where good archaeological data on the age and relatedness of settlements exists which can be used to test assumptions about migrations and population histories based on genetics. Statistical analysis of the genetic data will be supplemented with computer simulations because standard population genetics models assume that the dynamics have reached equilibrium, an unwarrantable assumption for the short time spans of concern here. The project's SAIL agent-based modeling platform will be enhanced to explore the effects of behavioral parameters affecting genetic population structure, in particular the ways in which patterns of relatedness unfold over time spans in the range of 100-10,000 years. Broader impacts:This project will result in the creation of new analytical tools, both statistical and computational, to investigate genetic population structure at the fine-grained level of resolution provided by microsatellites. It will also provide a computational framework for integrating genetic analysis with models of language evolution, and make all of these tools publicly available. These tools will open new possibilities for the empirical study of fundamental anthropological questions. The broader impacts of the project will also include training for undergraduate and graduate students and post-doctoral fellows in a wide array of theoretical and experimental skills. The project will utilize three existing IGERT programs at Arizona, the Santa Fe Institute REU summer program, and the Minority Access to Research Careers (MARC) program to identify and support under-represented minorities in laboratory research and summer schools. In addition, a video about the project will be produced by a leading British film-maker.