HSD: Anthropological Modeling of Social Structure, Genetics, and Language Speciation in Indonesia

该项目将与印度尼西亚研究人员和公共卫生团队合作，从印度尼西亚群岛的村庄收集遗传、语言、医疗、人口和环境数据。 这些数据将用于建立和测试数学模型，以提高我们对人口遗传结构，语言变化的起源以及影响疟疾，肝炎，结核病和登革热等疾病易感性的遗传变异的理解。 直到最近，大多数关于人类遗传学和语言的研究都集中在大规模的区域或大陆模式上，但所有这些模式都起源于相互作用的个体的社区。 新的可用技术，更详细的遗传分析几个染色体将被用来调查出现的模式，在社区规模的遗传相关性。 遗传学、人口统计学、语言变化和疾病传播是强烈相互作用的过程。 语言障碍可以维持遗传变异，而B型肝炎等疾病的流行反映了历史上的人口流动。 直到最近，印度尼西亚全部2.4亿人口的遗传样本在少数几个地点极为有限。 为这个项目收集的样本将有相关的医学，家谱，语言学和社会学数据，这些数据将共同形成一个独特的人类学数据集。 新的数学和计算工具将使在以前没有观察到的时间和空间尺度上分析这些数据成为可能。 该项目将支持继续开发新的数学和计算方法，用于分析过去5,000年来社区规模的遗传，人口统计和语言过程。 该项目的重点是社区规模的过程和基因-语言共同进化将确定一个需要新的计算和分析工具的特定研究领域。 这些新工具将使研究人员能够模拟和推断人口统计过程对遗传模式和语言进化的影响（例如基因/语言共同进化的人类学模型，中性进化与定向选择，漂移和方差效应）。 艾克曼分子生物学研究所的研究人员将在这个项目上合作。 该项目还将为学生提供教育和培训机会，并将在英国一家主要电视制作公司的协助下完成一个半小时的录像节目“印度尼西亚起源：基因、语言和文化”。 研究人员还将与旧金山弗朗西斯科科学探索博物馆的工作人员合作，制作用于视频和展览的材料。 2007财政年度全国科学基金会范围内的人类和社会动态（HSD）竞赛产生的一个奖项支持了这个项目。 NSF的所有董事会和办公室都参与了HSD竞赛和HSD奖项组合的协调管理。

In collaboration with Indonesian researchers and public health teams, this project will gather genetic, linguistic, medical, demographic, and environmental data from villages in the Indonesian archipelago. The data will be used to build and test mathematical models to improve our understanding of the genetic structure of populations, the origins of language change, and genetic variation affecting susceptibility to diseases such as malaria, hepatitis, tuberculosis, and dengue. Until recently, most studies of human genetics and languages focused on large-scale regional or continental patterns, but all such patterns originate in communities of interacting individuals. Newly available techniques for more detailed genetic analyses on several chromosomes will be used to investigate the emergence of patterns of genetic relatedness at the community scale. Genetics, demography, language change, and the spread of diseases are strongly interactive processes. Language barriers can maintain genetic variation, while the prevalence of diseases such as hepatitis B reflects historic population movements. Until recently, the entire 240 million population of Indonesia was represented by extremely limited genetic sampling at a handful of sites. Samples collected for this project will have associated medical, genealogical, linguistic, and sociological data, which together will form a unique anthropological dataset. New mathematical and computational tools will make possible the analysis of this data on a scale of time and space that previously has not been observed. This project will support continuing development of novel mathematical and computational methods for the analysis of genetic, demographic, and linguistic processes at the community scale over the last 5,000 years. The project's focus on community-scale processes and on gene-language co-evolution will define a specific domain of research requiring new computational and analytical tools. These new tools will enable researchers to both model and infer the effects of demographic processes on genetic patterns and language evolution (e.g. anthropological models of gene/language coevolution, neutral evolution vs. directional selection, drift and variance effects). Researchers at the Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology will collaborate on this project. The project also will provide education and training opportunities for students, and it will result in completion of a half-hour video program, "Indonesian Origins: genes, languages and cultures," with assistance from a leading British television production company. The researchers also will work with staff at San Francisco's Exploratorium museum of science to create materials for use in both video and exhibit formats. An award resulting from the FY 2007 NSF-wide competition on Human and Social Dynamics (HSD) supports this project. All NSF directorates and offices are involved in the coordinated management of the HSD competition and the portfolio of HSD awards.