Dissertation Research: Participation Within and Collaboration Between Brazil's Environmental and Agrarian Reform Movements in Bahia's Atlantic Forest

当代巴西是小农、国际科学家、政府官员和大型保护组织就地球上一些最原始的自然土地的控制权展开激烈辩论的地方。这场辩论的焦点是环境和土地改革运动。环保人士认为，小规模农场主给保护区带来的压力是保护环境的最大威胁之一。没有土地的巴西人在寻找土地耕种时，对留出“植物而不是人”的土地感到不满。两个运动都声称要考虑生活在争议地区附近的人们的观点，然而他们这样做的理由却大不相同。这个项目的重点是巴西大西洋森林的两个保护区，这是地球上第二大受威胁的生态系统。它考察了居住在这些地区附近的当地人如何积极参与环境或土地改革运动。它还探讨了其他力量，如巴西政府和国际环保组织，在做出土地使用决定时如何与当地利益相关者进行接触。本研究的结论是，尽管环境和土地改革运动存在内在差异，但是否确实存在成功的合作例子。这样的分析对于为社会科学内部关于社会运动如何运作的关键辩论提供信息至关重要，并有助于我们进一步理解当重要运动的议程发生冲突时会发生什么。这种关注是及时的，因为目前在巴西和世界其他地方，关于土地使用的辩论正在媒体、公共和私营部门展开。更广泛的影响：巴西的环境和土地改革运动影响着地球上一些生态最重要的自然区域的管理，以及影响数百万无地人口的社会和经济政策。从居住在这些运动试图控制的土地附近的人们的角度出发，绘制这些利益与更广泛的力量（如政府机构和非政府组织）之间的关系，将提供一种分析，在不断发展的土地管理讨论中考虑地方和全球利益。通过研究环境和土地改革运动本身以及彼此之间的关系，本项目旨在促进不同土地使用利益之间的互利关系和政策。本研究的主题和方法将通过揭示远远超出巴西地理边界的参与、代表和合作的经验教训，为我们理解当代重要的辩论提供信息。

Contemporary Brazil is the site of heated debate among small-scale farmers, international scientists, government officials, and large conservation organizations over the control of some of the earth's most pristine natural lands. This debate centers on the environmental and land reform movements. Environmentalists cite pressure on protected areas from small-scale farmers as one of the greatest threats to conservation. Landless Brazilians in search of a plot to farm resent areas set aside for "plants rather than people." Both movements claim to consider the perspectives of those living near contested areas, yet their reasons for doing so greatly vary. This project focuses on two protected areas in Brazil's Atlantic Forest, the second most threatened ecosystem on earth. It examines how local people living near these areas become active in the environmental or land reform movements. It also explores how other forces, such as the Brazilian government and international environmental organizations, engage with local interests when making land use decisions. This study concludes by looking at whether there are, indeed, successful examples of collaboration despite the inherent differences in the environmental and land reform movements. Such analysis is critical for informing key debates within the social sciences on how social movements function and for furthering our understanding of what happens when the agendas of prominent movements clash. This focus is timely, as the land use debate is currently being played out in the media, as well as in the public and the private sectors, both in Brazil as well as elsewhere in the world. Broader Impacts: Brazil's environmental and land reform movements affect the management of some of the earth's most ecologically important natural areas as well as social and economic policy that affects millions of landless people. Starting with the perspectives of those who live near the very lands these movements seek to control, and mapping the relationship between these interests and broader forces such as governmental agencies and nongovernmental organizations will provide an analysis that considers both local and global interests in the evolving discussion of land management. By examining the environmental and land reform movements, both on their own as well as in relation to each other, this project aims to foster mutually beneficial relationships and policies between different land use interests. The subject as well as the methodology of this study will inform our understanding of an important contemporary debate by revealing lessons on participation, representation and collaboration that extend far beyond Brazil's geographic borders.