The Effect of Ingroup Reprehensible Actions: Collective Emotions and Moral Disengagement

有人认为，一个国家不仅建立在集体记忆的基础上，而且建立在集体遗忘的基础上。可以理解的是，一个国家的公民将希望忘记其国家对少数民族的屠杀、对殖民的参与以及它所参与的内战的恶毒方面和对囚犯的酷刑。然而，由于这些行为的提醒往往无处不在，个人可能会对这些行为感到内疚，并在这些情况下，愿意为那些被冤枉的人提供赔偿。另一种反应是，当人们想起自己国家过去的罪行时，对那些受到冤枉的人的反应相对不那么积极。在这种情况下，他们可能会无视信息，援引更高的道德目标，认为消息来源是非法的，否认事实，或使受害者失去人性。总的来说，这些道德脱离策略有助于解释人类参与对他人的大规模暴力行为。拟议的研究项目整合了关于道德脱离的文献和最近关于集体情感的研究成果，以推进对集体越轨行为的心理后果的理论理解。有人提出，当个体面对其群体应受谴责的行为的提醒时，他们会被消极地激发，他们会经历羞耻和内疚等情绪。我们进一步预期，这些情绪会激励个体对情境做出具体的评价。这些评估可能包括对错误行为的承认和提供赔偿的意愿，或者它们可能导致使用道德脱离策略。将进行四个系列的实验研究，以检验这些不同可能性的可能性。在每项研究中，对内群体认同程度不同的参与者都会被提醒他们的内群体或外群体犯下的暴行。这些提醒如何影响参与者的情绪反应、评价判断和道德脱离策略的使用将被确定。本研究提供了一个新的视角来看待处理一个群体的应受谴责的过去的心理后果，并将有助于对内疚，羞耻和道德脱离的文献。此外，这项研究将补充PI的其他工作，这些工作涉及探索敌人的非人化和国际人道主义法。

It has been suggested that a nation is founded not only on collective memories, but also on collective forgetting. Understandably, the citizens of a nation will want to forget their nation's massacre of minorities, participation in colonization, as well as vicious aspects of civil wars and the torture of prisoners in which it has been involved. However, because reminders of these actions are often ubiquitous, individuals may experience guilt for these actions, and in these cases, be willing to provide reparations to those who have been wronged. An alternative reaction occurs when individuals who are reminded of their nation's past transgressions, experience relatively less positive reactions to those who have been wronged. In these circumstances, they may disregard the information, invoke higher moral goals, perceive the source as illegitimate, deny the facts, or dehumanize the victims. Taken together, these moral disengagement strategies help to explain human beings' participation in wide-scale violence towards others. The proposed program of research integrates insights from the literature on moral disengagement and more recent work on collective emotions to advance theoretical understanding of the psychological consequences of collective transgressions. It is proposed that when individuals are confronted with reminders of the reprehensible actions of their group, they will be negatively aroused, and they will experience emotions such as shame and guilt. It is further expected that these emotions motivate the individual to apply specific appraisals of the situation. These appraisals may involve an acknowledgment of the wrongdoings and a willingness to provide reparations, or they may result in the use of a moral disengagement strategy. Four series of experimental studies will be conducted to examine the likelihood of these different possibilities. In each study, participants who vary in their degree of identification with the in-group are reminded of atrocities committed by their in-group or the out-group. How these reminders influence participants' emotional reactions, evaluative judgments, and the use of moral disengagement strategies will be determined. This research provides a new perspective on the psychological consequences of dealing with one's group's reprehensible past, and will contribute to the literatures on guilt, shame and moral disengagement. In addition, this research will complement additional work involving the PI that explores dehumanization of enemies and international humanitarian law.