The Effect of Ingroup Reprehensible Actions: Collective Emotions and Moral Disengagement

有人提出，一个国家不仅建立在集体记忆上，也建立在集体遗忘之上。可以理解的是，一个国家的公民会想要忘记他们的国家对少数群体的屠杀，对殖民的参与，以及它所参与的内战的恶面和对囚犯的酷刑。然而，由于这些行为的提醒往往无处不在，个人可能会对这些行为感到内疚，在这些情况下，愿意向那些受到冤枉的人提供赔偿。当被提醒自己国家过去的过错的人对那些被冤枉的人的反应相对不那么积极时，就会出现另一种反应。在这些情况下，他们可能会无视信息，援引更高的道德目标，认为消息来源是非法的，否认事实，或使受害者失去人性。综上所述，这些道德脱离战略有助于解释人类参与对他人的大范围暴力。拟议的研究计划整合了关于道德脱离的文献的见解和最近关于集体情绪的工作，以促进对集体越轨行为的心理后果的理论理解。有人提出，当个体面对对其群体应受谴责行为的提醒时，他们将被负面唤醒，他们将经历羞愧和内疚等情绪。人们还期望，这些情绪会促使个体对情况做出具体的评估。这些评估可能涉及对错误行为的承认和提供赔偿的意愿，或者它们可能导致使用道德脱离战略。将进行四个系列的实验研究，以考察这些不同可能性的可能性。在每项研究中，不同认同度的参与者都会被提醒他们的群体内或群体外所犯下的暴行。这些提醒如何影响参与者的情绪反应、评价性判断和道德脱离策略的使用将被确定。这项研究提供了一个新的视角来看待一个群体应受谴责的过去的心理后果，并将有助于研究关于内疚、羞耻和道德脱离的文献。此外，这项研究将补充涉及和平国际的额外工作，这些工作探索敌人的非人化和国际人道主义法。

It has been suggested that a nation is founded not only on collective memories, but also on collective forgetting. Understandably, the citizens of a nation will want to forget their nation's massacre of minorities, participation in colonization, as well as vicious aspects of civil wars and the torture of prisoners in which it has been involved. However, because reminders of these actions are often ubiquitous, individuals may experience guilt for these actions, and in these cases, be willing to provide reparations to those who have been wronged. An alternative reaction occurs when individuals who are reminded of their nation's past transgressions, experience relatively less positive reactions to those who have been wronged. In these circumstances, they may disregard the information, invoke higher moral goals, perceive the source as illegitimate, deny the facts, or dehumanize the victims. Taken together, these moral disengagement strategies help to explain human beings' participation in wide-scale violence towards others. The proposed program of research integrates insights from the literature on moral disengagement and more recent work on collective emotions to advance theoretical understanding of the psychological consequences of collective transgressions. It is proposed that when individuals are confronted with reminders of the reprehensible actions of their group, they will be negatively aroused, and they will experience emotions such as shame and guilt. It is further expected that these emotions motivate the individual to apply specific appraisals of the situation. These appraisals may involve an acknowledgment of the wrongdoings and a willingness to provide reparations, or they may result in the use of a moral disengagement strategy. Four series of experimental studies will be conducted to examine the likelihood of these different possibilities. In each study, participants who vary in their degree of identification with the in-group are reminded of atrocities committed by their in-group or the out-group. How these reminders influence participants' emotional reactions, evaluative judgments, and the use of moral disengagement strategies will be determined. This research provides a new perspective on the psychological consequences of dealing with one's group's reprehensible past, and will contribute to the literatures on guilt, shame and moral disengagement. In addition, this research will complement additional work involving the PI that explores dehumanization of enemies and international humanitarian law.