Deflecting Ingroup Members' Stereotype-Confirming Behavior: Factors that Facilitate High Performance and Positive Interracial Interactions

虽然一个多元化的社会增加了种族间积极互动的可能性，但它也增加了人们在这种互动中对他们不太熟悉的群体成员施加刻板印象的可能性。 因此，在种族间的互动中，已经表现出微妙的焦虑水平，目睹或与行为刻板的种族群体成员互动（即，犯下“证实陈规定型观念”的行为）可能会加剧在各种情况下经常经历的压力。 先前的研究表明，这种经历可能会增加人们的动机，以反刻板印象的方式来反驳负面的群体刻板印象，但也可能会破坏表现并阻碍未来的种族接触。 然而，这项先前的工作让我们陷入了僵局：在种族群体成员的刻板印象确认行为之后，是什么有助于人们在不同环境中茁壮成长，以及人们如何科普这种情况？ 本研究首先通过调查导致种族群体成员所经历的不同行为和社会结果的因素来回答这些重要问题，这些种族群体成员在种族间（与种族内）互动中目睹了内群体成员的刻板印象确认行为。 它还研究了种族群体成员可能承担的负担，以代表他们的群体积极在这些人际交往和可能的心理和社会后果，这种负担。 四个实验室研究检查各种条件，可能会提高性能，并促进积极的（而不是消极的）人际互动的少数民族谁见证种族群体成员在不同的环境中表现刻板。 这些研究评估了以下方面的程度：1）积极的种族间接触的频率，2）与互动伙伴的高与低人际亲密度，以及3）与高与低偏见伙伴的互动可以改善这种互动中的表现和人际接触。 四个实验调查研究，然后建立在这项工作，以探讨如何多数和少数群体成员的战略行为反刻板以下ingroupmembers的刻板印象确认行为可能会产生社会成本。 讽刺的是，那些试图纠正这种情况的人可能会被同种族成员消极看待，但被不同种族成员积极看待。这项工作有可能改变我们如何理解人们在新的跨种族背景下的行为-特别是那些充满负面群体刻板印象或刻板印象确认群体成员的行为-通过提供明确的战略来改善个人的成果，并强调可能破坏这些积极成果的因素。 也就是说，当所有种族和民族背景的个人更频繁地参与积极的种族间互动并积极培养跨种族友谊时--即使是与那些似乎缺乏平等主义价值观的人--他们也可能在情感、认知和社交方面蓬勃发展。种族间互动。 此外，这些策略可能会减少那些有动机与同种族和不同种族的同事保持积极关系的人在试图抵消种族群体成员的刻板印象确认行为时所感受到的负担。 因此，这项研究将有助于实现更大的目标，即努力创造和保持积极的群体间互动和关系，使所有人都能在不同的学术和社会环境中茁壮成长。 最后，这项研究符合NSF的目标，整合研究和教育，并包括历史上代表性不足的人口在研究过程的各个阶段。 它将在Spelman学院进行，这是美国历史上第一所黑人女子文科学院，并将使本科生接触社会心理学的研究生水平研究。 学生将参与研究材料的创建及其实施，以及在专业会议，斯佩尔曼校园和其他机构的研究结果的传播。

Though a diverse society increases the likelihood of positive interracial interaction, it also increases the likelihood that people will apply stereotypes to group members with whom they are less familiar during such interactions. Thus, in interracial interactions, which are already characterized by subtle levels of anxiety, witnessing or interacting with racial group members who behave stereotypically (i.e., commit "stereotype-confirming" acts) may exacerbate the strain often experienced in diverse contexts. Previous research has shown that such experiences may increase people's motivation to behave counterstereotypically to disprove negative group stereotypes, but also may undermine performance and discourage future interracial contact. This previous work, however, leaves us at an impasse: What then contributes to people's ability to thrive in diverse settings following racial group members' stereotype-confirming behavior and how do people cope in such situations? This research sets out to answer these important questions first by investigating the factors that contribute to the divergent behavioral and social outcomes experienced by racial group members who witness the stereotype-confirming behaviors of ingroup members in interracial (vs. intraracial) interactions. It also examines the burden that racial group members may carry to represent their group positively in these interpersonal interactions and the possible psychological and social consequences of this burden. Four experimental laboratory studies examine various conditions that may improve performance and facilitate a positive (rather than a negative) interpersonal interaction for ethnic minorities who witness racial group members behaving stereotypically in diverse settings. These studies assess the extent to which: 1) the frequency of positive interracial contact, 2) high vs. low interpersonal closeness with an interaction partner, and 3) interactions with a high vs. a low prejudice partner can improve performance and interpersonal contact in such interactions. Four experimental survey studies then build on this work to explore how majority and minority group members who strategically behave counterstereotypically following ingroup members' stereotype-confirming acts may incur social costs. Ironically, those attempting to rectify the situation may be viewed negatively by same-race members but positively by different-race members.This work has the potential to transform how we understand people's behavior in novel interracial contexts -- particularly those laden with negative group stereotypes or stereotype-confirming group members -- by providing clear strategies for improving individuals' outcomes and highlighting factors that stand to undermine these positive outcomes. Namely, when individuals of all racial and ethnic backgrounds engage in positive interracial interactions more frequently and actively cultivate cross-race friendships - even with those who may seem to lack egalitarian values - they are likely to thrive emotionally, cognitively, and socially in interracial interactions. Furthermore, these strategies may reduce the burden felt by those who are motivated to maintain positive relationships with both same-race and different-race associates when attempting to counteract racial group members' stereotype-confirming behavior. Thus, this research will assist in the larger goal of working to create and maintain positive intergroup interactions and relationships so that all individuals can thrive in diverse academic and social settings. Finally, this research meets the goals of NSF to integrate research and education and to include historically underrepresented populations in all stages of the research process. It will be conducted sprimarily at Spelman College, the nation's first historically Black women's Liberal Arts College, and will expose undergraduates to graduate-level research in social psychology. Students will be involved in the creation of the research materials and its implementation, as well as the dissemination of findings at professional conferences, on Spelman's campus, and at other institutions.